This article analyzes the role of bank loans in financing investment projects and the possibilities of increasing their effectiveness. Currently, banks serve as one of the main financial sources in financing investment projects. However, various problems in the financial system, difficulties in assessing risks, high collateral requirements and lack of long-term resources hinder the effective use of bank loans. The article analyzes the sources of financing of investment projects, changes in investments in fixed capital by sources of financing, the dynamics of bank loans within the framework of family entrepreneurship development programs, and the share of loans allocated to entrepreneurial activity through comparative tables. According to the results of the study, scientific proposals and recommendations were developed to expand the participation of bank loans in the investment process and increase the role of bank loans in financing investment projects.

This article provides a theoretical and practical analysis of the main combinational models of partnerships between banks and mobile network operators (MNOs) in the digital payment system. The MNO-led, bank-led, joint venture, and platform ecosystem models are examined in detail. Using Uzbekistan as a case study, the article highlights the collaboration experience of mobile operators Beeline, Ucell, Uzmobile, and Mobiuz with fintech platforms such as Uzum Bank, Payme, and Click. The study concludes with recommendations for improving the effectiveness of bank-MNO partnerships and expanding digital financial inclusion in the country

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of ways to increase the efficiency of the resource base of commercial banks, its economic significance in ensuring the stability of banking activities, and its role in enhancing the efficient use of financial resources. The study examines the structural composition of the bank resource base and its importance in liquidity management, expansion of lending capacity, and minimization of financial risks from both theoretical and practical perspectives. Particular attention is paid to improving mechanisms for attracting idle funds of households and business entities to the bank resource base, diversifying deposit and non-deposit funding sources, optimizing the cost of resources, and increasing the competitiveness of banks. The research findings contribute to identifying opportunities to strengthen the financial stability of the banking system and support economic development through improving the efficiency of the resource base of commercial banks

This study analyses historical data (2000–2024) to forecast Uzpromstroybank’s deposit base and total resource trends using simple OLS regression models. A linear time-trend model is estimated for both series to capture long-run growth. The regression results show strong, significant upward trends (high R², statistically significant coefficients) for deposits and resources, indicating robust growth. Forecasts generated by extrapolating these trends suggest continued expansion of the bank’s deposits and resources in the short term. The findings are relevant for bank management and policymakers, as they highlight the trajectory of funding sources in Uzbekistan’s banking sector. Limitations include the simplicity of the linear model and potential structural changes, nonetheless, the results provide a baseline projection and underline the importance of improving deposit mobilization and financial sector reforms.

This article examines the distinctive features of modern Islamic banking products compared with conventional banking services. It provides a comparative analysis of income generation, risk-sharing mechanisms, and links to real assets in murabahah, ijarah, musharakah, mudarabah, sukuk, and takaful products. Conclusions are also developed regarding the expansion of Islamic banking products in Uzbekistan.

This article examines the theoretical foundations of using financial technologies (FinTech) in the development of banking services and analyzes the digital transformation processes taking place in the banking system of Uzbekistan along with the experience of developed countries. Based on the experience of the United States, the United Kingdom, China, Singapore, and South Korea, the impact of FinTech technologies on the efficiency of banking services is assessed. In addition, the scope of digital services in Uzbek banks, the number of mobile banking users, and the practical outcomes of financial technologies are studied using statistical data

This article examines the issues of forming an efficient securities portfolio in the capital market of Uzbekistan based on Markowitz’s mean-variance optimization model. The study uses 748 daily observations covering the period from July 23, 2022 to August 14, 2025 and forms equally weighted, minimum variance, and tangent portfolios based on the shares of six joint-stock companies actively traded on the Republican Stock Exchange “Tashkent” - three banks (Hamkorbank, Ipoteka-bank, and Ipak Yuli) and three non-bank companies (Uzbekistan Metallurgical Combine, Uztelecom, UZRTXB, and CHBSK). Portfolio performance is evaluated using the Sharpe ratio, Treynor ratio, Jensen’s alpha, and M² measure, and a comparison of banking and non-banking sector indices is carried out based on 1,000 potential portfolios using Monte Carlo simulation. The results of the study show that the tangent portfolio composed of bank shares demonstrates the highest performance (E(P) = 40.80%, σp = 4.68%, Sharpe ratio = 6.83).

This article is devoted to the analysis of the role of commercial banks of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the development of the national economy, in particular, in financing investment projects, increasing the level of employment, and implementing innovative technologies. It highlights the priority areas for the development of the banking system of such strategic documents as the "New Uzbekistan - 2030" program and the Development Strategy for 2022-2026. Also, an in-depth analysis of the main indicators of the banking system of Uzbekistan (assets, loans, capital, and deposits) was conducted. In particular, the differences between state-owned banks and other banks, their market share, and their impact on economic stability are shown based on statistical data. The analysis revealed that state-owned banks have a dominant position in the market, but other banks can compete almost equally in attracting deposits. Information on the lending activities of commercial banks and the volume of non-performing loans (NPL) was also presented, and the risks and effectiveness in this area were assessed

This article presents the scientific and theoretical aspects of enhancing the accessibility of banking services in the process of bank transformation through the development of digital technologies, as well as the transition of banks from traditional to digital service formats. In the analytical section, the activities of existing digital banks, mobile applications, and payment systems in our country are examined and analyzed, along with the advantages and disadvantages of traditional and digital banking. In the conclusion, proposals and recommendations were developed regarding the advancement of digital technologies in the process of bank transformation.

This article examines the level of customer satisfaction with banking services and the improvement of its calculation. A high level of customer satisfaction with banking services makes it possible to establish long-term relationships with them and ensure the bank's sustainable development in the long term. In this regard, the issues of studying the level of satisfaction with banking services, a competent assessment of the results of such monitoring and their use to improve the quality of customer service and increase their satisfaction are of great importance for modern banks interested in business success.

This article analyzes the reforms being implemented in the banking system of Uzbekistan, strategies for ensuring financial stability and attracting resources. It is shown that the country's economic stability should be increased through modernization of the banking system, new financial instruments and innovative approaches. The article discusses the main problems of the banking system of Uzbekistan, modern methods for their elimination, as well as opportunities for attracting resources based on international experience and their significance for the country's economy. At the same time, it recommends ways to increase the efficiency of banks and financial institutions through reforms and have a positive impact on the state economy.

The article analyzes the processes of digital transformation of the banking system of the Republic of Uzbekistan in recent years, achievements, and current pressing issues. The study examined the role of the digital economy in the activities of commercial banks, in particular, the role of Big Data technologies and online platforms, their significance in increasing banking efficiency, and innovative approaches such as blockchain. Based on the theoretical approaches of scientists to assessing banking efficiency, the skills of banks in minimizing costs and optimizing profits are emphasized. In conclusion, the necessity of forming a digital transformation ecosystem in Uzbekistan, expanding the fintech infrastructure, and increasing the competitiveness of the banking system through the implementation of international standards has been put forward

This article analyses the use of electronic money in Uzbekistan, as well as the factors influencing its development and the existing challenGES. Although the adoption of electronic payment instruments has significantly increased in recent years due to the growth of the digital economy, several constraints—including insufficient infrastructure, low digital literacy, and limited trust in the banking system—have been identified as slowing down this process. The study provides a comparative analysis of the experiences of Uzbekistan, Turkey, and Kazakhstan, and presents statistical data on chanGES in total bank deposits, the share of electronic money, and term deposits from 2017 to 2024. The findings indicate that despite the rise in the use of electronic money, its share within total bank funds has decreased. These trends are shown to be closely related to the development of digital infrastructure, security systems, digital literacy, and government regulatory policies. The author emphasizes the need to expand infrastructure, strengthen security measures, improve digital literacy, and enhance the legal framework to further promote the development of the electronic money market

In recent years, the intensification of global financial instability has posed significant challenges to banking markets. In response, commercial banks have placed particular emphasis on enhancing their resilience to economic fluctuations. According to expert forecasts, activity in the global banking sector is expected to increase substantially in 2025–2026. Notably, inflation in the Eurozone in 2024 is projected to be around 2.3% instead of the previously forecast 2.7%. Financial stability, however, remains tied to moderate growth prospects. Various models typically chosen or approved by regulators are used to assess banks’ stability. Contemporary research focuses on improving existing methodologies and financial stability indicators in light of changes in the global macroeconomic environment, raising capital adequacy requirements for banks, and enhancing tools for forecasting their future performance. At the same time, the adoption of new technologies and financial instruments is accelerating banks’ digital transformation and the automation of their business processes. This article offers a comprehensive study of the means and mechanisms for ensuring the financial stability of commercial banks in Uzbekistan. Its primary objective is to analyze the state of the banking sector and identify ways to strengthen its resilience, drawing on global best practices and national specificities. To achieve this, both scientific-pedagogical methods (historical-comparative analysis, structural-logical research) and empirical approaches (statistics from regulatory documents and bank reports, expert surveys) are employed.

This study explores the impact of financial metrics, specifically Return on Assets (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE), on stock values in Islamic banking in Pakistan. Islamic banking in Pakistan lacks empirical research on how financial indicators like ROA and ROE affect stock values, creating a gap in understanding crucial performance metrics for investors. The study adopts a quantitative method, analyzing secondary statistics from the Pakistan Stock Exchange and Meezan Bank websites for the period 2016–2022. Linear regression in EViews is applied to assesses the relationship between ROA, ROE, and stock prices of the Bank. Results of the study indicates that the stock prices are positively influenced by returns and equity, however, impact of return on asset is statistically significant at 10 percent confidence interval.  The study is limited to data from PSB and IMBS, restricting its generalizability to other banks or markets. Study suggests investors should prioritize ROA and ROE metrics when evaluating stocks in Islamic banking, as they are essential for understanding performance and making informed decisions.

Ensuring the stability of the banking system, being an important factor in ensuring their solvency, is a necessary condition for ensuring the continuity of payments made in the country's economy. Therefore, ensuring the stability of the banking system is one of the main tasks of banking supervision. The article identifies urgent problems related to ensuring the stability of the banking system of the Republic of Uzbekistan and develops scientific proposals aimed at solving them.

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of studies examining the impact of central bank digital currency (CBDC) on the functioning of the monetary system. Based on a systemic analysis and synthesis of research, the directions of influence of digital currency are identified, which cover key elements of the monetary system, including monetary aggregates, inflation, interest rates and bank liquidity. The study's findings may be useful for developing strategies for introducing digital currencies and assessing their potential impact on macroeconomic stability

This article analyzes modern approaches to improving the theoretical and methodological foundations of bank transformation processes in Uzbekistan, as well as introducing digital technologies into the banking system, optimizing business processes, and developing corporate governance. In addition, methodological mechanisms aimed at increasing the effectiveness of bank transformation based on international experience have been developed. The results of the research serve to enhance the financial stability, competitiveness, and quality of services of banks

This article analyzes the adequacy of commercial banks' deposit base, the factors affecting it, the alignment of maturities, interest rates, and volumes between bank deposits and loans, as well as the growth trends of deposits and loans. The causes of the transformation risk associated with bank deposits and credits have been examined. Furthermore, practical proposals and recommendations have been developed regarding existing problems in bank credit services and their solutions

This article discusses the issue of limited ability to offer personalized services to clients in commercial banks of Uzbekistan due to insufficient analysis of their needs, financial status, and behavior. Banks offer standard services to clients, while personalized services are less widespread, which hinders customer attraction. The CRM system has not been fully implemented, and bank employees' skills in digital services are insufficient. The customer segmentation process is an effective tool for solving these problems and helps provide personalized services to clients. Segmentation helps banks improve services, increase competitiveness, and establish long-term relationships with clients.

The article discusses the importance of implementing transformation processes in Uzbekistan’s commercial banks under globalization and competitive conditions, as well as their future prospects. The study highlights the necessary changes for the successful operation of commercial banks in modern economic conditions, their ways of increasing competitiveness, and integrating into the global financial system. The article explores the challenges faced by Uzbekistan's banking system in the transformation process and examines the social, economic, and technological factors influencing this process. Recommendations are proposed for introducing new technologies, developing digital banking services, and ensuring the financial stability of banks. Furthermore, the future prospects of Uzbekistan's commercial banks in the context of global competition are analyzed, with measures proposed for strengthening the financial stability of the country's banking system.

This article examines methodological approaches to improving the efficiency of banking products through artificial intelligence technologies. The stages of integrating artificial intelligence into the banking product life cycle are systematized, and the interrelationship between process automation, predictive analytics, personalization, risk management, and adaptive product management is substantiated. A conceptual model incorporating data quality, algorithmic transparency, human oversight, and continuous monitoring is proposed.

This article analyzes the improvement of lending processes in commercial banks and the state of financing in modern practice. The study examined the economic significance of lending mechanisms in commercial banks' operations, loan portfolio quality, credit risk management systems, and the development of digital-based lending services. It also examines ongoing reforms in the banking system, the effectiveness of modern scoring systems in loan distribution, remote banking services, and financing mechanisms

This article examines the modeling of climate change-related financial risks in Uzbekistan. Based on official reports from the World Bank, Asian Development Bank (ADB), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Central Bank of Uzbekistan, the country's vulnerability level to climate change is determined and the current state of climate risk management in the banking sector is assessed. The physical and transition components of climate risks and practical possibilities for their modeling using stress testing and Climate VaR methodologies are explored. Based on the research findings, scientific conclusions and practical recommendations for integrating climate risks into Uzbekistan's financial system and developing green finance are formulated

In the article, an econometric analysis of the influence of the dynamics of changes in the structural structure of the liabilities of the joint-stock commercial bank "Mikrokreditbank" operating in the national economy on the formation of net interest income is carried out. In particular, in the analysis, the bank's net interest income before deducting potential losses on assets was taken as the dependent variable, and the bank's obligations to other banks, deposits, credit and leasing transactions, securities issued by the bank, subordinated debt and other obligations, and share capital were selected as independent variables. Based on the analysis, scientific conclusions were formed