This article analyzes the scientific and methodological approaches to assessing the effectiveness of innovation activities in enterprises. The paper reveals the theoretical foundations of organizing innovation activities, focusing on resource requirements, qualitative and quantitative evaluation criteria, as well as the scientific views of leading Russian and foreign scholars (Zavlin, Fatkhutdinov, Safronov, Somenkova, and others). In addition, the article highlights the essence of applying the discounting method and indicators such as the Profitability Index (PI), Net Present Value (NPV), and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) in evaluating the effectiveness of innovative activities

This study presents an in-depth analysis of the current state of the Uzbek pension system and the impact of demographic changes and life expectancy on pension liabilities. The size of pension reserves, the present value of liabilities, and financial sustainability indicators were calculated using actuarial models