This article analyzes the essence and effectiveness of the economic reforms carried out in Uzbekistan in recent years. The study examines the dynamics of the country’s main macroeconomic indicators like gross domestic product, inflation, export volume, inflow of foreign investments, and the processes of digitalization during the period from 2010 to 2024

This article analyzes the current state of the establishment and development of Special Economic Zones (SEZs) in Uzbekistan. It highlights the role of SEZs in the national economy, as well as their importance in attracting investments, promoting industrial development, increasing export potential, and creating new employment opportunities. Furthermore, the legal and institutional foundations of SEZ operations, existing challenges, and priority directions for their improvement are examined. The study also analyzes the factors contributing to the enhancement of the economic efficiency of SEZs and explores their future development prospects based on international experience

This article examines the strategic directions for improving the effectiveness of structural reforms in the national economy. The study analyzes issues related to the structural modernization of the economy, ensuring intersectoral balance, accelerating innovative development, and increasing investment activity. In addition, scientific conclusions and practical recommendations are developed regarding economic diversification, the wider introduction of digital technologies, the development of human capital, and the effective utilization of regional economic potential

This article analyzes the issues of ensuring economic stability through the state budget and taxes. The study examined fiscal indicators, the dynamics of budget revenues and expenditures, and their ratio to GDP. Structural changes in the tax system, the expansion of the tax base, and the intensification of digitalization processes were identified as important factors influencing economic stability. Analysis of the effectiveness of budget expenditures revealed the highest effectiveness of infrastructure projects and the need to increase efficiency in the healthcare and education sectors. According to the research results, the state fiscal policy is one of the main mechanisms for strengthening economic stability, and in the future, it is necessary to deepen reforms in the areas of reducing the deficit, optimizing expenditures, and increasing social effectiveness

This article examines the current state and strategic directions for changing the economic mechanism for supporting small businesses at the meso-level using regional economic theory and institutional analysis. Using empirical statistical data for 2022–2025 in the Kashkadarya region and the Republic of Uzbekistan, an in-depth comparative analysis of the human resource potential of the sector and its share in the formation of gross regional product and gross domestic product is carried out. The macroeconomic anomaly of the local economic system is based on: a very high predominance of small businesses in the GRP structure up to 70.6% and variable indicators. Using econometric tools to assess time trends, the author identifies the main institutional limitations of the large-scale support model and develops a comprehensive, scientifically sound mechanism for qualitative modernization of the macroeconomic regulatory infrastructure aimed at diversifying the region's financial and production ties

This article discusses the implementation of large-scale reforms in Uzbekistan to ensure the economic stability of the regions and the innovative economic development of the processing industry in the regions. Foreign experience in improving the innovative economic development of the processing industry in the region and the possibilities of its application in the region are analyzed. It also highlights the ways and prospects for the development of interregional subclustering mechanisms in the agro-industry in the region, factors, opportunities, organizational and economic mechanisms for increasing their efficiency, and the need to study what factors and to what extent they affect the oil and gas sector, mining and metallurgical industry and agro-industry in this region in order to determine and calculate the innovative economic efficiency of the region, and these factors can be grouped in different ways, and the dependence of the effectiveness of which of these factors is being determined

This article analyzes the methodologies for managing the financial resources of local budgets in the context of regional socio-economic development. First, within the framework of fiscal centralization and decentralization principles, it examines local budgets’ independent revenue sources, share-based taxes, and the mechanism of transfers allocated from the central government. Next, based on the principles of medium-term budget planning, ensuring budget balance, and performance-oriented budgeting, it presents methods for effective on-site resource allocation. Furthermore, by enhancing participatory budgeting and public involvement, the study explores how transparency and control over local financial resource use are strengthened. The article also discusses approaches to reducing socio-economic disparities between regions through general (free) transfers, the subvention-grant system, and horizontal equalization instruments. Additionally, it investigates the impact of tax reforms, investment financing, and risk management methods on the sustainability of local budgets. The research concludes with practical recommendations for improving local budget management methodologies—introducing a formula-based transfer mechanism, expanding interactive budget portals, and enabling the issuance of local bonds. Based on applied research and official statistics, the article aims to identify effective tools for financing regional development strategies.

This article critically and analytically examines the institutional foundations of real estate management. The state of development in the industry is analyzed based on conducted research, statistical data, opinions of international and local economists, as well as current trends in practice. Aspects such as ambiguity in the distribution of powers, lack of transparency, weak coordination between institutions, and lack of trust regarding existing problems in the management system are analyzed. Using the example of the E-auction platform, the importance of effective institutional reform is demonstrated, and institutional solutions and recommendations necessary for the sustainable development of the real estate market are developed.

This article analyzes the reforms being implemented in the banking system of Uzbekistan, strategies for ensuring financial stability and attracting resources. It is shown that the country's economic stability should be increased through modernization of the banking system, new financial instruments and innovative approaches. The article discusses the main problems of the banking system of Uzbekistan, modern methods for their elimination, as well as opportunities for attracting resources based on international experience and their significance for the country's economy. At the same time, it recommends ways to increase the efficiency of banks and financial institutions through reforms and have a positive impact on the state economy.

The paper provides an in-depth examination of key issues such as methodologies for assessing tax system efficiency, the impact of tax burden on economic growth, and the fiscal effectiveness of tax incentives. Special attention is given to the large-scale tax reform implemented in the Republic of Uzbekistan since 2017. Based on a comparison of Uzbekistan’s tax burden with OECD countries and developing economies, several strategic recommendations are proposed. The findings indicate that the ongoing tax reforms in Uzbekistan contribute to the stabilization of budget revenues and the stimulation of economic growth; however, challenges remain in the areas of tax administration and ease of tax compliance

This scientific article investigates the issues of optimizing and improving the mechanisms for reducing tax debt in order to ensure the financial stability and enhance the solvency of economic entities, particularly enterprises, in the context of the modernization of Uzbekistan's economy. Within the framework of the study, the internal and external factors underlying the emergence of tax arrears in enterprises, the negative impact of untimely fulfillment of tax obligations on corporate liquidity, and the pathways for mitigating tax debt through the transformation of tax administration are comprehensively analyzed. The article discusses the compulsory enforcement of tax arrears and its legal-economic consequences, specifically focusing on the effectiveness of pre-trial and judicial debt collection procedures. The impact of recent reforms in the national tax system and the norms of the current Tax Code on enterprise sustainability is conceptually evaluated. Furthermore, scientifically grounded proposals and practical recommendations have been developed to adapt international best practices to the economic realities of Uzbekistan, introduce incentive mechanisms to enhance tax compliance, and eliminate problems associated with bank orders (inkasso) and enforcement documents

This article summarizes the development of tax administration in the country for many years, the role and importance of interregional tax inspection in improving large-scale reforms aimed at further strengthening the confidence of business circles. Some important reforms being implemented in the tax system of Uzbekistan are studied, foreign experience is studied, scientific and practical conclusions and proposals are developed on its application in our country

This scientific article analyzes the role and importance of tax policy in ensuring the attractiveness of the investment environment from a scientific, theoretical and practical perspective. The stability, transparency of the tax system, the level of the tax burden and the impact of tax incentives on investment activity are studied. The possibilities of using incentive mechanisms of tax policy in the decision-making process of investors are also highlighted. The role of tax reforms implemented in the Republic of Uzbekistan in recent years in improving the investment environment is analyzed, and scientific and practical conclusions and proposals are developed to increase the efficiency of attracting investments by improving tax policy

This article examines how Strategic Public Procurement (SPP) can be used to stimulate the green economy, focusing on both global practices and the specific context of Uzbekistan. Internationally, SPP has proven effective in driving sustainable innovation and reducing environmental impacts. The study analyzes best practices from the EU, OECD, and UN frameworks, and contrasts them with Uzbekistan’s current procurement system. Despite progress in green policy, Uzbekistan’s use of SPP remains limited. This paper identifies key gaps and proposes actionable reforms to align procurement with green development goals, offering a pathway to sustainable economic growth. Effective implementation of SPP in Uzbekistan could catalyze environmental innovation, support green SMEs, and reinforce the country’s commitments under the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The research emphasizes the need for legal reforms, capacity building, and financial incentives to enable this transition.

This article examines the strategic directions for developing innovations in the entrepreneurial sector of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Particular attention is paid to the mechanisms for supporting entrepreneurial entities in the transition to an innovation-driven economy, the introduction of digital technologies, the development of startup projects, the attraction of investments, and the strengthening of cooperation between the public and private sectors. The study also analyzes institutional reforms aimed at stimulating innovative activity, implementing research results into production, and creating a competitive entrepreneurial environment. The research findings are important for promoting innovative entrepreneurship and ensuring sustainable economic growth in Uzbekistan

В данной статье акцентируется внимание на том, что в последние годы создание системы качественного и квалифицированного медицинского обслуживания для каждого гражданина нашей страны определено как приоритетная задача, и в этом направлении реализуются масштабные реформы. В последние годы сфера услуг в экономике, в частности, развитие частной медицинской помощи, играет важную роль в социально-экономическом развитии страны. Это обусловлено тем, что расширение частной медицинской помощи играет важную роль не только в укреплении здоровья населения, но и в ускорении экономического роста, создании новых рабочих мест и увеличении доходов государственного бюджета

The article explores the theoretical and practical foundations of developing small business and family entrepreneurship in rural areas under the conditions of the digital economy. It highlights their socio-economic importance in ensuring employment, reducing poverty, and improving living standards through the service sector. The study analyzes state reforms, preferential credit programs, and family entrepreneurship initiatives, demonstrating their practical outcomes. Based on the findings, proposals and recommendations are developed to enhance the entrepreneurial environment, create new jobs, and increase the share of small business in GDP.

The article discusses the theoretical and methodological foundations of the stock market regulation, its place and role in the national economy, characterizes the main instruments of the stock market with an indication of the problematic aspects of their use, analyzes the external conditions for the development of the stock market in the national economy, identifies the features of the development of the stock market mechanism. Also, attention is drawn to the structure of attracting resources of the stock market, which is characteristic of the current stage of the state of the economy of Uzbekistan, recommendations are formulated for their improvement.

The paper analyzes the current state of the service sector in Uzbekistan, its role in the economy and development trends. The main focus is on the structure of the industry, the level of development by region, the impact of digital technologies and support measures provided by the state. It also highlights local features, problems and solutions specific to the service sector. Based on the research results, proposals and recommendations were developed for the further development of the industry.

The article discusses the importance of implementing transformation processes in Uzbekistan’s commercial banks under globalization and competitive conditions, as well as their future prospects. The study highlights the necessary changes for the successful operation of commercial banks in modern economic conditions, their ways of increasing competitiveness, and integrating into the global financial system. The article explores the challenges faced by Uzbekistan's banking system in the transformation process and examines the social, economic, and technological factors influencing this process. Recommendations are proposed for introducing new technologies, developing digital banking services, and ensuring the financial stability of banks. Furthermore, the future prospects of Uzbekistan's commercial banks in the context of global competition are analyzed, with measures proposed for strengthening the financial stability of the country's banking system.

In this article, in the context of the modernization of the national economy, the wider involvement of innovations in the economy of the Republic, in particular foreign innovations, makes an important contribution to the effective implementation of economic reforms carried out in our country. It is emphasized that this will be of paramount importance, as attention will be increased to assessing the effectiveness of innovative projects implemented in the national economy.

This article analyzes the possibilities of tourism development in Uzbekistan through investment and modernization of railway, bus and passenger infrastructure. The article analyzes reforms in the conditions of Uzbekistan based on the transport policy of European countries. Liberalization and privatization of transport infrastructure are aimed at increasing the flow of tourists and improving economic efficiency. This study shows the dynamics of investment, passenger flow and market share in the railway and bus transport sector. Recommendations are developed to improve the quality of transport services through economic efficiency, public-private partnership and innovation.

This article analyzes the improvement of lending processes in commercial banks and the state of financing in modern practice. The study examined the economic significance of lending mechanisms in commercial banks' operations, loan portfolio quality, credit risk management systems, and the development of digital-based lending services. It also examines ongoing reforms in the banking system, the effectiveness of modern scoring systems in loan distribution, remote banking services, and financing mechanisms

This article analyzes the compliance of fiscal reforms implemented within the framework of the “Uzbekistan – 2030” strategy with the principles of inclusiveness. The study examines the role of tax policy in ensuring a balance between economic efficiency and social justice based on James Mirrlees’ optimal taxation theory and contemporary empirical data. The article evaluates the macroeconomic impact of changes in the 2025 Tax Code, particularly the progressive social tax rates and mechanisms for legalizing the shadow economy. The results indicate that Uzbekistan’s tax system, while maintaining fiscal stability, is transitioning toward an inclusive model aimed at developing human capital and mitigating income inequality

In order to further enhance the effectiveness of reforms being implemented in our country, elevate the development of the state and society to a new stage, modernize the economy, reduce the state’s share in the economy, and accelerate structural transformations, on September 11, 2023, the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On the Strategy ‘Uzbekistan – 2030’” was adopted based on the principle “From the Action Strategy to the Development Strategy.” The second direction of this Decree is directly aimed at “ensuring public welfare through sustainable economic growth.” This article has been published to support the ORCA HORIZON-MSCA-2023-SE-01 project funded by a grant from the European Union