This paper proposes a four-dimensional risk index model for designing internal audit programs in the public sector. The model integrates legal, financial, resource, and organizational risks to provide a comprehensive framework for risk-based audit planning. Through simulation involving hypothetical departments, the study demonstrates that aggregate risk scores can mask the diversity and specificity of underlying risk categories. By decomposing audit risk into distinct dimensions, the model enhances audit targeting, supports transparent decision-making, and aligns with international internal audit standards. It also proves particularly useful in environments with limited data availability. The model’s adaptability and clarity make it suitable for both manual and automated audit planning processes. While future enhancements could include dynamic weighting and digital integration, the model as presented already offers a robust and practical approach to prioritizing internal audit activities and improving public sector governance outcomes.

The article analyzes the institutional, methodological, and organizational problems arising in the process of preparing consolidated financial statements (hereinafter – CFS) in accordance with the requirements of the International Financial Reporting Standards (hereinafter – IFRS). In the study, CFS is interpreted not merely as the practice of aggregating the financial statements of individual enterprises line by line, but as a broader system encompassing economic relations at the group level, mechanisms for exercising control over consolidated entities, the organization of information systems necessary for consolidation, and the establishment of an integrated group accounting policy. The article examines the main practical problems encountered in the consolidation process under the conditions of Uzbekistan, including formal approaches to the assessment of control, issues related to the application of a unified group accounting policy and the elimination of intra-group transactions, as well as insufficiently developed information databases and inadequate professional capacity of personnel. These problems are classified into five main groups (regulatory-institutional, organizational-managerial, methodological, technical, and human resource related), and based on their analysis, the author proposes a diagnostic model. Furthermore, practical recommendations have been developed regarding the determination of the consolidation perimeter, standardization of group accounting policies, modernization of information systems, and enhancement of human capital capacity. The results of the research contribute to improving the preparation of consolidated financial statements in Uzbekistan, increasing the transparency of corporate governance, and deepening the integration of reporting corporate groups into the international financial market

The aim of this study is to analyse the formation of instrument-level, institutional, sectoral, and system-level competition in Uzbekistan’s financial market through the introduction of a dualistic financial system. Using a qualitative research approach, the study examines the institutional, legal, and economic implications of the dualistic model and explores its potential for enhancing competition. The findings indicate that the financial market remains insufficiently diversified, with financing sources relying predominantly on the banking sector. The study also identifies that the dualistic financial system may generate a new form of competition inter-system competition thereby improving efficiency within the financial services segment and contributing to market diversification. The research substantiates the institutional prerequisites, infrastructural requirements, and priority directions necessary for the implementation and sustainable development of this system

This article develops an econometric model for determining regional tax potential. Based on statistical data for the regions of Uzbekistan for 2016–2024, a multifactor regression model was built, in which the impact of economic (GDP, investments), demographic (population, urbanization), financial and institutional factors on tax revenues was quantitatively assessed. Multicollinearity was optimized using correlation analysis and the VIF indicator, and the model reliability was confirmed at the level of R²=0.87. A forecast of regional tax revenues for 2025–2027 is presented based on three scenarios - base, optimistic and pessimistic. The results provide a practical basis for the formation of regional fiscal policy and the effective allocation of inter-budget resources

Currently, the issues of improving the financial planning system, which is the main functional element of financial management, are widely studied all over the world. In particular, in the context of a global pandemic, targeted research is being conducted on the formation of a financial planning system capable of quickly adapting to changing conditions in foreign markets and its perfect model in combination with strategic plans. Also, one of the main functional elements of financial management is focused on improving the organizational architecture of financial diagnostics, which embodies a wide range of indicators for a comprehensive assessment of financial and economic activities of companies.

This article is aimed at studying the introduction of the “Open banking” business model into the financial sector of Uzbekistan as one of the strategic mechanisms ensuring the digital transformation of the economy. This model allows for the development of innovations, increased competition in the banking services market, and improved the quality of financial services provided to the population. The concept of “Open Banking” was studied with an emphasis on world practice and the experience of Great Britain, and the activities of banks operating in an open system were analyzed. Also, issues such as creating a reliable regulatory framework, strengthening security and confidentiality measures, and developing cooperation between banks, fintech companies, and regulators were studied. The purpose of the article is to draw attention to the expected risks, along with demonstrating the economic opportunities of the “Open Banking” business model in the process of its gradual implementation.

This article analyzes issues related to improving the methodology of financial management of investments based on the ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) approach. The study presents a comparative analysis of the national institutional foundations shaping the ESG ecosystem, an improved model integrating ESG with the ISO 37001 anti-bribery management system, and the financial advantages derived from the ESG ratings of Uzbek and major international companies. Furthermore, the article provides an in-depth examination of the existing problems and institutional constraints in implementing ESG principles into investment financial management practice, and develops scientific and practical recommendations for addressing them.

This article examines the financing trends of business models of innovative entrepreneurship subjects, particularly startup ecosystems, in the national economy and mechanisms for assessing related risks. The support framework for startup projects through traditional and alternative financial instruments (venture capital, crowdfunding) under current digital transformation has been systematically analyzed. The results show that the sustainability of innovative business models depends on the correct forecasting of their financial flows and strategies for minimizing specific risk factors. In conclusion, practical proposals have been developed to increase the financial sustainability of national startup projects and reduce risks in their business models

This study examines the determinants of economic growth across five Central Asian transition economies; Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan; over the period 1990–2024, with particular focus on the role of energy consumption. Using a panel dataset of 170 observations drawn from World Bank indicators, the analysis integrates energy consumption, financial development, industrialization, and trade openness into a unified panel data framework. Given a non-standard Hausman test result stemming from high intra-class correlation, the fixed-effects model is adopted as the preferred specification on theoretical grounds, with random-effects estimates reported for comparative transparency. The fixed-effects results reveal that financial development is the strongest and most consistent driver of within-country GDP per capita growth, followed by industrialization measured by manufacturing value-added. Energy consumption exerts a significant positive effect, consistent with the growth hypothesis of the energy-growth nexus, though its modest coefficient suggests diminishing returns within countries over time. Trade openness, by contrast, is negatively associated with GDP per capita, reflecting the adverse consequences of poorly sequenced liberalization in economies with limited institutional capacity and export diversification. These findings contribute original empirical evidence on the energy-growth nexus in the post-Soviet Central Asian context, offering policy-relevant insights for financial sector deepening, industrial upgrading, energy efficiency investment, and strategic trade integration across the region

China is one of the world’s leading export-oriented economies and possesses one of the most advanced systems of state financial support for exports. At the core of this system lie specialized financial institutions including the Export-Import Bank of China, the China Development Bank, the state export credit insurance agency Sinosure, as well as budgetary and tax incentive mechanisms. The article analyzes the institutional structure and financial support mechanisms for export activities in the PRC and identifies the key factors underlying the high effectiveness of China’s model. The study provides a comprehensive overview of the main elements of China’s state export policy, including regulatory frameworks, instruments of crediting, insurance, subsidization, and the digitalization of foreign trade processes

This paper investigates the determinants of Return on Equity (ROE) in joint-stock companies in Uzbekistan, using the DuPont Model to analyze the impact of profitability, efficiency, and leverage. Panel data from 25 Uzbek non-financial firms over a 10-year period (2014–2023) were examined using fixed and random effects models. While profitability and efficiency show a significant positive effect aligned with the DuPont assumptions, the leverage demonstrates a negative effect. In the lagged model, all three factors have a considerable positive impact. Being the first paper to analyze non-financial companies in Uzbekistan, it provides useful insights into companies’ performance drivers for both researchers and managers.

This article examines the mechanisms for ensuring the financial stability of Uzbekistan's railway companies in the context of the industry's fundamental transformation. Analyzes the transition from a monopolistic model to a competitive market, focusing on methods of attracting private investment, public-private partnerships, and digitalization of financial control. The need to introduce a "unbundling" system and new long-term financing instruments to maintain liquidity in the context of large-scale infrastructure projects is substantiated

Целью данного исследования является рассмотрение и анализ направлений совершенствования методологии инвестиционной деятельности в условиях цифровизации промышленных предприятий. В статье рассматриваются методические основы совершенствования инвестиционной деятельности компании за счет повышения доходности собственного (акционерного) капитала посредством модели Дюпона с использованием искусственного интеллекта на примере АО «Узбекнефтегаз».

This article provides a theoretical and practical analysis of the main combinational models of partnerships between banks and mobile network operators (MNOs) in the digital payment system. The MNO-led, bank-led, joint venture, and platform ecosystem models are examined in detail. Using Uzbekistan as a case study, the article highlights the collaboration experience of mobile operators Beeline, Ucell, Uzmobile, and Mobiuz with fintech platforms such as Uzum Bank, Payme, and Click. The study concludes with recommendations for improving the effectiveness of bank-MNO partnerships and expanding digital financial inclusion in the country

This article examines the types of takaful models in the organization of takaful insurance funds, the differences between takaful models, the development and essence of the Islamic insurance financial market, its scientific approaches to modern Islamic financial instruments, and the scientific foundations of the mechanism of operation and typology of takaful insurance models, sheds light on the scientific and theoretical views on the content and role of takaful insurance fund models in the global insurance market, and assesses the development and current state of takaful insurance fund models in the insurance market

This study analyses historical data (2000–2024) to forecast Uzpromstroybank’s deposit base and total resource trends using simple OLS regression models. A linear time-trend model is estimated for both series to capture long-run growth. The regression results show strong, significant upward trends (high R², statistically significant coefficients) for deposits and resources, indicating robust growth. Forecasts generated by extrapolating these trends suggest continued expansion of the bank’s deposits and resources in the short term. The findings are relevant for bank management and policymakers, as they highlight the trajectory of funding sources in Uzbekistan’s banking sector. Limitations include the simplicity of the linear model and potential structural changes, nonetheless, the results provide a baseline projection and underline the importance of improving deposit mobilization and financial sector reforms.

This article examines modern methodological approaches to the comprehensive assessment of financial risks in commercial banks. It explores the integrated evaluation of credit, liquidity, market, operational, and capital risks using stress testing, scenario analysis, early warning indicators, and an integral risk index. A comprehensive model is proposed for determining a bank’s overall risk profile and improving risk management decisions.

This article examines the digital transformation of Islamic financial instruments, the methodological framework for their implementation in Uzbekistan, and their alignment with international best practices. The study demonstrates that digital technologies including blockchain, smart contracts, tokenization, e-KYC, and API integration enhance transparency, operational efficiency, and Shariah compliance in Islamic financial operations. A comparative assessment of Malaysia, the UAE, and Saudi Arabia provides insights into the legal, technical, and methodological requirements needed to develop a national digital Islamic finance model. The findings highlight the importance of establishing digital Shariah audit mechanisms, defining the legal status of smart contracts, developing tokenization regulations, and creating a Shariah-compliant fintech ecosystem to ensure sustainable sectoral development

This research investigates the relationship between macroeconomic factors and profitability of companies, considering the company level factors of financial performance: gross margin, operating margin, EBITDA margin and ROA. Drawing upon the theoretical frameworks, empirical analyses and econometrical model, the study explores multifaceted dynamics of macroeconomic-firm nexus of the biggest 16 companies - drivers of modern US economy. Findings reveal significant relationships between macroeconomic factors such as exchange rate, inflation and corporate profit, highlighting company response to macro-level changes. Practical implications for financial managers are discussed, emphasizing the importance of considering macroeconomic conditions in decision making processes. Overall, this article contributes to the understanding of macroeconomic-firm nexus and provides insights, which should be further developed.

The article analyzes the theoretical foundations and evolution of regional development. It examines the theories of convergence and divergence, the core–periphery model, as well as modern concepts such as endogenous growth, innovation, and clustering. The role of financial mechanisms and public finance in ensuring sustainable regional development is also highlighted.

This article emphasizes the importance of thoroughly studying the theoretical foundations of financial stability, identifying its types, and scientifically analyzing the criteria for its assessment, as these are essential for making sound economic decisions in practice, particularly in ensuring the effective management of business entities.

The article investigates the issues of improving the accounting of ESG obligations (environmental, social, corporate governance) at ICT sector enterprises based on IFRS S1 «General Requirements for Disclosure of Sustainability-related Financial Information» and IFRS S2 «Climate-related Disclosures» standards. The author has developed a refined model form that identifies 4 categories of ESG obligations specific to the ICT sector, as well as 6 structural components of ESG reporting. The model was tested on the example of JSC “Uzbektelecom”

The article examines the issues of improving the methodological foundations for assessing the effectiveness of fiscal policy and their application in the practice of Uzbekistan. In particular, the theoretical foundations of evaluating fiscal policy as well as the possibilities of using traditional and modern methods in determining its effectiveness are analyzed. Specifically, the study considers the composite index of effectiveness based on macroeconomic indicators (MSSI – Macroeconomic Stability and Sustainability Index), the sectoral cost–effectiveness evaluation model (DEA – Data Envelopment Analysis), the elasticity method for assessing the impact of tax policy on GDP, behavioral models based on the Laffer curve, and the performance-based assessment of social expenditure efficiency (PBB – Performance-Based Budgeting). Using Uzbekistan as a case study, these methodological approaches were applied and analyzed, which made it possible to identify the strengths and weaknesses of fiscal policy and to outline prospective directions for its improvement.

This paper examines the impact of loyalty programs on customer loyalty in the fashion industry. A systematic literature review was conducted first, followed by an online survey of 200 respondents. Logistic regression analysis revealed that program participation, discounts, and mobile app usage positively influence purchasing decisions. The model’s pseudo R² of 0.48 indicates that the included variables explain over half of the variance. Findings highlight financial incentives and the convenience of digital platforms as critical drivers of customer loyalty. The study emphasizes the need to combine thorough literature review, empirical surveys, and econometric modeling to design effective loyalty programs.

This article provides a theoretical comparative analysis of the three main models for providing Islamic financial services in commercial banks - Islamic windows, Islamic subsidiary banks, and full Islamic banks. The analysis is carried out through four fundamental economic concepts: the theory of entry costs, the theory of transaction costs, the resource-based approach, and institutional theory. The article also provides a detailed explanation of the main financial services provided by Islamic banks - murabaha, mudaraba, musharaka, ijara, istisna, and salam - along with their contractual mechanisms. The results of the study show that in countries such as Uzbekistan, where the Islamic finance market is still in its infancy, the Islamic window model has a strategic advantage and importance in terms of low entry costs, efficient use of existing infrastructure, and dynamic flexibility