This article examines retail banking products in commercial banks and their impact on the efficiency of banking activities. Through a comprehensive analysis of relevant literature and empirical data, the author studied various dimensions of retail banking products and their impact on banking efficiency. In addition, the article conducted research and analysis on the areas of transformation and digitization of banks, the role of retail banking products in increasing bank income, improving customer relations, and saving bank costs. In general, the article examined how retail banking products contribute to the efficiency of banking activities and conducted a comprehensive analysis on the example of JSCB with foreign capital “Hamkorbank”.

This study examines the impact of the relationship between bank assets and liabilities on bank profitability, highlighting the critical role of effective asset-liability management in financial performance. Banks generate income primarily through interest earned on assets such as loans and investments, while liabilities, including deposits and borrowings, represent the cost of funds. The balance between these two elements determines net interest income (NII) and net interest margin (NIM), both key indicators of profitability. Factors such as interest rate spreads, asset quality, maturity mismatches, and liquidity management significantly influence the bank’s profitability. A well-managed asset-liability mix enhances income stability and reduces risks associated with interest rate fluctuations and liquidity constraints. Conversely, poor management can lead to reduced margins, increased risk exposure, and potential financial instability. Understanding and optimizing the interplay between assets and liabilities is essential for banks to maximize profitability, manage risks, and sustain long-term growth in a competitive and regulated environment. From this point of view, in this article, I tried to reveal the importance of the net interest margin in increasing the profitability of the bank, as well as the state of management of bank assets and liabilities in the banking system of the Republic of Uzbekistan and its effect on the efficiency of the banking system.

This study investigates the impact of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) disclosure on bank profitability and market value in Uzbekistan an underexplored emerging economy in Central Asia undergoing rapid financial and sustainability reforms. Using a panel dataset of 22 commercial banks from 2015 to 2024, we construct a hand-collected ESG disclosure index through systematic content analysis of annual and sustainability reports, supplemented by financial data from the Central Bank of Uzbekistan. Net profit margin serves as the primary measure of profitability, while Tobin’s Q and market capitalization proxy for market value. Employing fixed effects, random effects, and System Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimators to address endogeneity and unobserved heterogeneity, we find that higher ESG disclosure is significantly associated with improved bank profitability. Notably, this relationship is driven almost exclusively by the governance (G) pillar, while environmental (E) and social (S) disclosures show no statistically significant effects highlighting the context-specific materiality of ESG dimensions in transitional economies. Robustness checks, including lagged specifications, sub-sample analyses by ownership type, and alternative ESG measures, confirm the reliability of our findings. The results suggest that in Uzbekistan’s institutional environment characterized by ongoing corporate governance reforms and nascent green finance infrastructure transparency in board oversight, risk management, and anti-corruption mechanisms enhances operational efficiency and stakeholder trust, thereby boosting net margins. Our study contributes to the limited literature on ESG-finance linkages in Central Asia and challenges universalist assumptions about ESG materiality by demonstrating that governance remains the most financially relevant pillar in early-stage reform contexts. The findings carry important implications for regulators, bank managers, and international investors: prioritizing credible governance disclosure offers a strategic pathway to both financial performance and market legitimacy. As Uzbekistan advances its National Strategy for Green Economy Development, this research provides empirical grounding for sequenced, institutionally attuned ESG integration in the banking sector.

This article examines the concept of a banking ecosystem, the creation of a "banking ecosystem" as a modern model of international transformation processes in the activities of commercial banks in Uzbekistan and the processes of digital transformation of commercial banks. Is presented the role of the banking ecosystem in turning the banking industry into a kind of financial "supermarket" by radically changing the relationship between the bank and the client based on the organization of the banking ecosystem, increasing the prestige of the bank, rapid digitization of economic relations, expanding the offer of a wide range of banking and non financial services to customers.

This article analyzes the formation of the banking system of the Republic of Uzbekistan, its evolutionary development stages, and prospects in the context of modern economic reforms. The study provides a detailed overview of the transformation of the banking system during the years of independence, particularly the fundamental reforms carried out in the period after 2017, the privatization of banks, and digital transformation. Macroeconomic factors ensuring the stability of the banking system, capital adequacy, and asset quality are analyzed based on statistical data. The article also discusses issues of liberalization of the banking services market, cooperation with international financial institutions, and the introduction of modern fintech technologies into the sector. As a resul, of the study, scientific and practical proposals and recommendations for the further development of the banking system of Uzbekistan have been developed, aimed at increasing the competitiveness of the industry.

This paper discusses the mechanism of transmission of the monetary policy in Uzbekistan in the framework of the inflation targeting (IT) which is officially followed by the Central Bank of Uzbekistan since 2021 (CBU). The analysis indicates that the main refinancing rate is transmitted into the financial system to impact output and prices using methods of Vector Autoregression (VAR) and Structural VAR (SVAR) on quarterly data covering 2010-2023. The results show that interest rate channel is the most effective transmission channel, exchange rate channel comes next and credit channel is limited by structural weakness in the banking sector. The monetary policy shocks explain about 18-22 percent of inflation variance at a 12-month horizon. Some of the major obstacles are dollarization, strong state-owned banking industry, ineffective financial intermediation and low financial literacy. Some of the policy prescriptions include complementary fiscal moderation, faster financial sector reform, and better communication by the central bank.

This study is devoted to examining the issues of ensuring cybersecurity and the stable functioning of the banking system of Uzbekistan in the context of the rapid development of digital banking services. The digitalization of the banking sector has led to the emergence of new products and services, such as digital banks and financial ecosystems, thereby increasing the relevance of national financial and cybersecurity challenges. The purpose of the research is to characterize the main directions of the digital transformation of banking services within the context of cybersecurity. The article systematizes theoretical approaches to the concept of digital transformation of banking services, conducts a comparative analysis based on international experience, analyzes the dynamics of cyber threats and their target objects within the banking system of Uzbekistan, and develops proposals aimed at strengthening cybersecurity. The research findings have practical significance for the development of state regulation mechanisms and sustainable development strategies in the banking sector.

This article examines how financial stability in agriculture can be enhanced through the integration of budgetary, insurance and banking mechanisms of agricultural financing. The main purpose of the study is to assess the synergistic effect of combining government budget support, agricultural insurance and commercial bank lending in the context of Uzbekistan’s rural sector. The methodological framework includes a literature review, correlation and regression analysis, an insurance pricing model, credit risk analysis and the assessment of a farm capitalization index. The empirical database is built using statistics from international organizations such as the IMF, FAO, World Bank and OECD, as well as official data from Uzbekistan. The results show that higher public agricultural expenditure reduces the volatility of agricultural growth, expanded insurance coverage improves farmers’ access to credit, and insured loans exhibit significantly lower default probabilities. The relatively low farm capitalization index indicates that Uzbekistan’s agricultural sector is undercapitalized and constrained in terms of long-term investments. The authors argue that the integrated use of budgetary support, insurance schemes and bank lending should be viewed as a strategic direction for strengthening financial stability in agriculture and propose practical policy recommendations for agricultural and financial authorities.

This article discusses the main directions of improving the accounting system in non-bank credit institutions in the context of digitalization of the financial sector. The analysis of the current state of accounting processes in microfinance organizations, pawnshops and other non-bank credit institutions is carried out. The international approaches to the organization of financial reporting are investigated and the key problems of accounting in this sector are identified. Practical recommendations on the introduction of digital technologies, standardization of accounting procedures and improvement of the quality of financial reporting of non-bank credit institutions are proposed.

This article is considering expanding the scope of banking services of commercial banks operating in Uzbekistan. As part of the study, the author analyzed practical data from commercial banks. Based on the results obtained, existing problems in expanding the scope of banking services of commercial banks and developing proposals for their elimination were identified.

The article examines in detail the banking services provided by commercial banks
in Uzbekistan, analyzed on the basis of practical data. As a result of the conducted research, existing problems were identified and proposals for their elimination were developed.

This article analyzes the conventional and unconventional monetary policy instruments employed by the Central Bank of the Republic of Uzbekistan during 2020–2025. The research covers the key interest rate, required reserve ratios, bond issuance, deposit auctions, interest rate corridor, and balance sheet expansion policy. Based on statistical-empirical analysis, the effectiveness of the Central Bank's monetary policy instruments in curbing inflation, stabilizing the national currency, and managing banking system liquidity is evaluated.

This article develops the theoretical and methodological foundations for a comprehensive assessment of banking service efficiency provided to individuals. The study proposes a multidimensional evaluation framework that integrates traditional financial indicators with customer satisfaction metrics, digital service quality, operational efficiency, risk management level, and institutional sustainability indicators. Furthermore, an integrated performance assessment model is designed to evaluate retail banking services in the context of digital transformation. The research findings contribute to enhancing customer-oriented banking strategies, improving service quality, and strengthening competitiveness in the retail banking sector.

This article comprehensively covers issues related to improving the financing process for small and medium-sized businesses through bank loans. The research analyzes the role of commercial banks in lending to small and medium-sized businesses, existing problems, and advanced approaches to addressing them. Furthermore, the current state of financing mechanisms for small businesses in the banking system of Uzbekistan is studied, and directions for their modernization are justified based on foreign experience. The article puts forward practical proposals for improving bank credit policy, increasing the efficiency of credit resources, and implementing new mechanisms for financial support of business entities.

The article examines the current trends in the digitalization of the banking sector, focuses on the analysis of international experience and the specifics of the introduction of digital technologies in Uzbekistan. Examples of successful transformation of banks such as Tinkoff Bank, WeBank and Monzo are given, which demonstrate the effectiveness of using mobile applications, artificial intelligence, blockchain technologies and CRM systems. The prospects for the development of Kapitalbank in the context of digitalization, including the introduction of new technologies, improving customer service and strengthening information security, are studied. Based on the analysis, recommendations are proposed to accelerate the digital transformation of the banking system of Uzbekistan, taking into account national characteristics and international experience.

Ensuring the quality of asset portfolios of commercial banks, the need to ensure their financial stability and liquidity is considered one of the current issues. In this scientific article, an attempt was made to develop a scientific proposal and practical recommendations on ways to increase the efficiency of the assets of commercial banks.

This article examines interbank competition and its role in ensuring the stability of the country's banking system. In addition, the article analyzes the current state of interbank competition in our country and its specific trends, stability of the banking system and the factors influencing it. Relevant conclusions have been developed.

The article examines the development of innovative services in the banking system under the conditions of digital transformation, ensuring their security, and improving the financial literacy of the population. The author identified the impact of the population's use of innovative banking services on the stability of the banking system and cybersecurity issues. As a result of the research, scientific proposals, practical recommendations, and conclusions were formulated.

This article analyzes the role of CRM (Customer Relationship Management) systems in systematizing and increasing the efficiency of customer relations in the banking sector. The study explores mechanisms for enhancing competitiveness in the banking services market, strengthening customer loyalty, and providing personalized service delivery. Furthermore, scientific and practical proposals are provided regarding the challenges and solutions for implementing CRM technologies within the banking system of Uzbekistan.

The article discusses a set of key indicators that enable continuous monitoring of credit risks and provide early warning about the level of risk (low, medium, and high). Credit risks, when exceeding a threshold value established under a specific scenario, may cause serious damage to the bank’s reputation or result in financial losses that hinder the timely implementation of the bank’s strategy. The limit values of the key risk indicators, which must not be breached by the bank, are defined, and when approaching the established thresholds, measures should be taken to mitigate credit risk. The article also reflects on significant risks that the bank is willing to accept or intends to reject in order to achieve its business objectives. There are also scientific proposals and conclusions on the process of developing risk-appetite and risk profile indicators, a set of mechanisms and systems.

The article examines the role of Islamic banking in stimulating the inflow of investments into the real sector of the economy. Islamic financial institutions, based on Sharia principles, ensure fair risk-sharing, transaction transparency, and a focus on projects with real economic value. Based on an analysis of theoretical foundations and the experience of countries with a developed Islamic financial system, it is revealed that Islamic banking contributes not only to attracting domestic and foreign investments but also to enhancing the stability of the financial sector. Particular attention is given to the prospects for implementing Islamic banking in Uzbekistan as a factor in supporting small and medium-sized businesses, developing infrastructure, and strengthening trust in the banking system.

This article discusses the ways of developing Islamic banking services in the activities of commercial banks and member countries of the Islamic Development Bank (IDB) group, as well as an analysis of existing problems and improving development prospects. The article also presents the existing problems in the prospects for developing the use of Islamic banking services in the activities of commercial banks of the Republic of Uzbekistan, as well as the author's approaches and proposals for their elimination.

In this article, the main directions of the development of FinTech strategies in commercial banks are presented on the example of banks operating in Uzbekistan. Among the main areas of FinTech strategies are digital payment systems, artificial intelligence (AI) and data analysis, blockchain, banking mobile applications, digital banks and FinTech startups. Also, the changes in banks as a result of their application were analyzed based on the data of the Central Bank of the Republic of Uzbekistan. In this, information about plastic cards in circulation in banks, payment terminals installed by banks, ATMs, infokiosks, bank applications, digital banks from 2001 to August 1, 2024 was presented and analyzed graphically.

This article examines the impact of digital transformation and digital technologies on the effectiveness of banking activities. Through a comprehensive analysis of relevant literature and empirical data, the authors explore various dimensions of digital technologies and their impact on banking performance. In the article, digital transformation in the banking system involves the integration of digital technologies to modernize operations, improve customer experience and improve overall efficiency. This process has gained significant momentum in recent years as banks strive to remain competitive in a rapidly evolving financial environment. In the banking system, the analysis of digital transformations has been comprehensively analyzed on several key technologies that play a decisive role in increasing efficiency.

This article presents an analysis of scientific and theoretical approaches aimed at the introduction of international transformation processes, highlights strategic trends in the economic and technological environment of international transformation processes in the activities of commercial banks of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Justification of the expediency to ensure transformation in the form of transactions and transactions aimed at meeting the customer's need for banking services and charging fees based on digital technologies.