This article explores the impact of e-commerce on economic development across three categories of countries: developed, emerging markets, and developing countries. The analysis utilizes economic indicators, e-commerce adoption rates, and growth metrics to assess how these countries leverage e-commerce for economic advancement. The findings indicate that while developed countries enjoy advanced e-commerce infrastructures, emerging markets are rapidly catching up, and developing countries face challenges but show significant potential for growth.

The article presents a comprehensive analysis of strategies for the formation and development of human capital in economically developed countries. Key factors determining the level of human capital are examined, including the scale of public and private investments in education, healthcare, scientific research, and innovation. Particular attention is paid to the role of the corporate sector in enhancing professional competencies and improving labor productivity. Based on international research data and comparative analysis, the structural features of human capital management in countries with varying levels of economic development are identified. The study concludes that systematic and proactive investments in human capital are critical for ensuring sustainable economic growth, enhancing competitiveness, and maintaining social stability.

Innovation can be a key factor in being competitive in the long run and supporting business. Innovation management policy can be implemented in a specific way in developed, developing and least developed countries. No comparative studies have yet been conducted in various geographical areas, especially in the innovative sectors of the pharmaceutical industry. The main purpose of the article is to determine how the innovation management process is carried out between Switzerland and Uzbekistan. This scientific article reflects the analysis of statistical indicators formulated by the author.

The article highlights the significant impact of the introduction of innovation into industry and the transfer of production to a high-tech process on this basis, which in turn has had a significant impact on business development, based on specific analyses of the experience of foreign countries. The importance of attracting innovation to industry in business development was studied. . The experiences of developed countries were presented. What innovative directions and approaches were applied to the development of industry and business in America, Germany, Japan, South Korea, China and France were studied. In these countries, the university-business and state-business principles were mainly used, that is, it was considered important to offer universities scientific developments and startup projects for the production of innovative products in order to bring industry and business to a new level. This process has retained its position even now. Also, the fact that the state strongly protects and encourages business entities in these countries is cited as the most important factor in bringing industry and business to a new level, and analyses show that this is exactly what happens in practice. For us, we have confirmed that the university-business, state-business principle is the most important factor in the development of industry and business. 

The export of services plays a crucial role in enhancing the export potential of Central Asian countries and diversifying their export portfolios. This article presents an econometric analysis of the key factors influencing service exports, utilizing statistical data from Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan from 2000 to 2021. The analysis employs various methodologies, including fixed effects, random effects, GLS, and fixed effects with Driscoll-Kraay standard errors. The findings reveal that UNCTAD's ICT index and the category "Private Sector," along with GDP per capita, significantly contribute to the growth of services exports in Central Asian countries. On the other hand, population size negatively affects the volume of services exported by the countries analyzed. Based on the results obtained, recommendations were developed to boost traditional and modern services exports from Central Asian countries.

The article examines modern models and tools of supply chain management in developed economies under the conditions of global economic globalization. Key factors influencing the transformation of global supply chains are considered, including increasing complexity, growing uncertainty, and the impact of geopolitical processes. A comparative analysis of supply chain management practices in developed and developing countries is carried out, and the features of digital transformation of logistics systems are identified. Particular attention is paid to the application of modern management models such as SCOR, Lean, Agile, and Resilient, which ensure increased efficiency, flexibility, and resilience of supply chains. Based on the generalization of the experience of developed countries, the main trends and directions for the further development of global logistics systems are formulated.

The article proves the presence of the following well-known global trends in the development of the urbanization process: a steady increase in the urban population in almost all countries; the staged nature of the urbanization process (the passage of pre-industrial, industrial and post-industrial stages); the growth of the number of megacities in the world; differences in the course of urbanization processes in developed and developing countries; dependence of the level of urbanization on the level of economic development of the country. Based on a comparative analysis of foreign urbanization practices, existing world models of urbanization and the tools used (Belarus, Ghana, Kazakhstan, Republic of Korea, China, Poland, Russia, Tanzania, Turkey, Japan) are systematized. Based on the achieved effects, the need to consider urban policy in the aspect of integrated regional development in developing countries, including the Republic of Uzbekistan, is justified.

The scientific article analyzes the role of women in the popularization of innovative banking services in developing countries. Uzbekistan, Turkey, Malaysia, and Saudi Arabia were considered as developing countries in the analysis. The analysis was conducted on the basis of statistical data for 2014-2021. According to the results of the analysis, innovative banking services among women in our country are not sufficiently developed and, unlike other countries, digital banking services are not widely used by women.

This paper explores the impact of digitalization on the treasury systems of developed countries and analyzes key technologies such as cloud solutions, blockchain, and electronic payments used to enhance financial management efficiency. It examines examples of innovative solutions implemented in the USA, the UK, Germany, Canada, Japan, Estonia, and other countries, highlighting both the advantages and challenges of their use. Particular attention is paid to increasing transparency, security, and optimizing government spending through modern digital platforms

The article primarily focuses on international practices in tax administration, particularly on the organizational forms of tax administration in developed and developing countries, as well as the factors influencing the impact of tax administration mechanisms on the state budget and economic development in these countries. In addition, the article presents scientific proposals and practical recommendations on applying the experiences of developed countries in tax administration to further improve and advance our countryʼs budget system and economy to a higher level.

Оur article examines the experience of developed and developing countries, such as the developed countries of the world, the USA, China, Singapore, Ireland, Canada, in attracting foreign investment into our country's economy, developed proposals for the application of methods of attracting investment from China, Singapore, Ireland to our country, considered the issues of effective organization of foreign direct investment with the aim of ensuring their integration into the global economy and the creation of joint modern compact enterprises producing finished products based on the processing of valuable raw materials.

This article is dedicated to the consideration of important issues of increasing the level of financial literacy in the educational system of Uzbekistan, especially in school education, and to the study of advanced foreign experiences. The article analyzes the financial literacy programs of Finland and examines ways of adapting them to the conditions of Uzbekistan and other countries. Emphasizing that financial literacy has a positive effect on the economic stability and well-being of the population, the research notes the need for public and private sector cooperation, the organization of special courses and training in educational institutions, as well as the use of modern technologies. Proposals and recommendations developed on the basis of Finnish experiences are of great importance in the formation of practical programs aimed at increasing financial literacy in the school education system of Uzbekistan. Today, the teaching experience of the pedagogues of their countries is embodied in the Finnish education system. After all, for more than ten years, 15-year-old students in this country have regularly shown very good results in the PISA international assessment program. The success of Finland is the teachers. Their status and independence are ensured for high-quality training. Education policy is aimed at equality. It should be mentioned that the location and climate of Finland have an impact on its economy.

Innovative development plays the greatest role in the socio-economic development of countries and regions. To assess the countries of the world and compare them by the level of innovation development, the Global Innovation Index and a number of other indices have been developed, which include data on human and financial resources spent on the development of innovation. This article examines the positions occupied by Uzbekistan in the Global Innovation Index and other rankings.

In the article, an innovative study was conducted in foreign countries, using advanced econometric models of the analysis of the influence of digital parameters on macroeconomic indicators. The influence of numerical parameters on the GDP per capita of foreign countries was analyzed and 21-year indicators of the data of the World Bank (https://data.worldbank.org/) were used. Since the research data are based on multivariate time series, econometric equations were developed using autoregressive distributed lag ARDL (Autoregressive distributed lag) model. The results of the study showed that digital parameters in these regions showed a significant impact, showing a direct positive correlation with macroeconomic indicators.

The article presents groundbreaking research using advanced econometric models to understand the complex relationships between infant mortality, under-5 mortality, and female mortality in foreign countries. Conventional least-squares regression (OLS) and structural equation modeling (SEM) techniques were used to analyze data from 121 countries around the world to identify the complex interplay of factors that influence these important mortality rates. Approaches have also been developed to identify subtle dynamics affecting maternal and child health outcomes and to reduce mortality. The approaches and proposals of the authors are presented in the study.

This article analyzes the theoretical and practical aspects of digital governance formation in joint-stock companies based on the experience of developed countries. The study substantiates that digital governance is not limited to the implementation of information technologies, but represents a comprehensive economic management model that enhances the quality of decision-making, corporate control, accountability, and institutional stability. A comparative analysis of the experiences of the United States, the European Union, Japan, South Korea, and Singapore identifies universal factors of digital governance and the patterns of phased transformation. The findings have significant scientific and practical value for adapting digital governance in joint-stock companies in Uzbekistan in accordance with the national institutional environment.

This scientific article provides a comprehensive analysis of the processes of transformation and diversification of tourism types based on the experience of foreign countries. The study explores the reforms, strategic approaches and institutional mechanisms implemented in the tourism sector during the post-pandemic recovery phase of 2020-2025. In particular, measures have been analyzed aimed at digital transformation of tourism, product and market diversification, mitigation of seasonality, introduction of sustainable and “green” tourism, as well as increasing the value of tourist services. The study sets out the principles of Public Policy and strategic planning, infrastructural investment, digital technologies, effective use of cultural and Natural Resources, and sustainable development as the main factors for the transformation and diversification of Tourism. Scientific and practical conclusions and recommendations for improving the policy of national tourism have also been developed on the basis of foreign experience.

This article provides a comparative analysis of the types of tax incentives in European and Asian countries, their economic efficiency and strategic impact. Based on scientific sources and empirical data, the role of tax incentives in investment, innovation and export policies is revealed. Specific proposals and recommendations for Uzbekistan are developed.

. Today, the tourism industry as a global phenomenon is rapidly developing both in economically developed countries and in countries on the path of development. The development of this sphere takes place simultaneously with the development of society, that is, the desires and needs of people are determined in advance. This article discusses theoretical approaches to the innovative development of this field.

This article discusses the methodology of organizing and forming an agricultural insurance system, as well as the implementation, experience, and effectiveness of this task in foreign countries

In this article, the best practices of stock markets in developed and developing countries and directions of their development are researched. In particular, in the development of stock markets, the best practices of the effective placement of state securities of foreign countries and the development of the stock market through them have been studied.

This article studied the experience of foreign countries, including the republics of Russia and Kazakhstan, in order to attract foreign investments in environmentally unfavorable territories and eliminate existing problems. Conclusions and recommendations have been developed for applying the experience of foreign countries in the economy of our country

Many developed countries of the world use fiscal and monetary policy to regulate the economy. Currently, the digitization trend is developing in every industry and sector, and this situation has a positive effect on the improvement and efficiency of industries and sectors. The article provides information about fiscal policy, which is one of the main branches of the economy, and its types and tools, and explains why countries use fiscal policy. Opinions are also given about the importance of digitalization of the fiscal system

In this article, the tendency of the creation of the World Trade Organization, which operates on a global scale and plays an important role in the development of the international market, and its influence on accelerating the activities of countries in international trade are studied. Today, 164 members of the organization are active in this structure, and they carry out more than 95% of world trade. Therefore, it is an urgent task to regularly research the trend of the formation and development of such a system, to show the achieved results and emerging problems, and to draw analytical conclusions.

This scientific study is devoted to a comparative analysis of the economic efficiency of tax incentives and subsidy policies in the development of the hotel industry in Uzbekistan and South Korea. The work comprehensively studies the methods of financial stimulation of the hotel sector, their impact on investment attractiveness and regional economic 

growth based on the experience of the two countries. The main objective of the study is to determine the effectiveness of economic instruments that support the development of the hotel industry, in particular, through tax incentives and state subsidies. At the same time, the practical results of public-private partnership mechanisms are also evaluated based on empirical evidence. During the study, the relative advantages of the effectiveness of financial approaches used in Uzbekistan and South Korea are determined; The impact of tax and subsidy policies on reducing interregional disparities and increasing tourism potential is assessed; An incentive model adapted for Uzbekistan, based on international best practices, is developed. This study is of practical and theoretical importance for economists, analysts, tourism decision-makers, investment policymakers, as well as postgraduate researchers. The study not only highlights existing economic and institutional problems, but also puts forward scientifically based proposals for their solution. Therefore, this work serves as a reliable source for creating a sustainable tourism policy. The scientific novelty of the study is the first systematic comparative analysis of the practice of applying tax incentives and subsidies in the hotel industry of Uzbekistan and South Korea. This work identifies the impact of tax incentives on criteria such as investment activity, regional development, and service quality. In addition, an incentive model adapted to national conditions and focused on economic efficiency was developed, and practical recommendations were given for the development of tourism infrastructure based on public-private partnerships.