This article examines the theoretical and methodological foundations of special economic zones, and presents the different aspects of free economic and special economic zones. The purpose of the article is to research the foreign trade policy from a scientific point of view, which has achieved an "economic miracle" through the formation of special economic zones in the world economy, that is, the organization and development of the activities of special economic zones in the world economy, and the development of the national economy. on the basis of summarizing its positive aspects, it is to develop proposals for the establishment of special economic zones in Uzbekistan and its development prospects, as well as the possibilities of using the world experience in the establishment of special economic zones in Uzbekistan. As a result of the research, the following conclusions and proposals were formed: free economic zones are also a type of special economic zones, and free zones describe the activity of free ports; in the practice of foreign countries, free trade zones, free production zones, free economic zones, technological-innovation parks and other types of special economic zones are widely used.

Entrepreneurial activity, which has a significant contribution to the economic development of the country, is constantly supported by the state. In ensuring its economic security, it is important to analyze the economic situation of the activity, to determine the specific indicators of economic security, and with the help of this, to assess the economic security of the business activity. In this article, the necessary indicators for ensuring the economic security of business activity and the assessment of the level of economic risk of the activity are scientifically analyzed.

The study of the causes of economic imbalances requires, first of all, a scientific study of its indicators and criteria at the macro and micro levels. From this point of view, the national economy, which is analyzed in many macro-level calculations, consists of independent and organizationally interconnected economic entities, reflecting the development of the social and individual division of labor in society in the form of various forms of ownership and the harmonious implementation of the system of economic interests. If economic interests conflict with each other, economic activity slows down, GDP growth rates decrease, and population incomes decrease, and this situation should be considered as a sign of imbalance.

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the impact of tourism on socio-economic development based on theoretical and empirical studies. The research considers tourism as an important driver of economic growth and examines its influence on gross domestic product growth, employment expansion, foreign currency earnings, infrastructure development, and the enhancement of regional economic activity on the basis of scientific sources. From a methodological perspective, the article employs methods of literature review, comparative analysis, and synthesis of empirical results. The findings indicate that the economic efficiency of tourism is directly dependent on a country’s institutional environment, the level of infrastructure development, and the quality of governance. In addition, it is substantiated that through the multiplicative effect of tourism, additional sources of economic growth and employment are generated in other sectors of the economy. The conclusions drawn are of significant practical importance for the scientifically grounded formulation of tourism policy and the development of practical recommendations aimed at ensuring the sustainable development of the sector.

This article presents modern trends in the development of foreign economic
relations of the region, strategies and practices aimed at strengthening economic ties between countries and regions, as well as globalization and integration of these modern trends, digital economy, sustainable development, development of transport, logistics infrastructure, innovation and technological progress. These trends are the main factors in the development of interregional economic relations, which serve to ensure economic growth, increase trade and investment flows, and support sustainable development. In our country, these trends play an important role in ensuring the country's economic stability and increasing its competitiveness in international
trade.

This article examines the relationship of the household sector with economic events and processes, as well as its influence on the socio-economic development of the country. It reviews key theories, such as the life cycle theory (Modigliani) and the permanent income hypothesis (Friedman), that explain the saving and consumption behavior of households. It analyzes factors influencing the saving rate, including demographic changes, economic growth, income uncertainty, and interest rates. Particular attention is paid to the role of pension savings, inheritance, and public policy in shaping household financial decisions. The article also touches upon the functioning of the stock market and its interaction with households, as well as the impact of technological and social changes on the saving rate. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of taking into account the historical context and contemporary economic conditions in understanding the dynamics of saving and its role in economic development.

This article analyzes the economic growth of Uzbekistan in the 21st century. During the research, key macroeconomic indicators such as the growth rate of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), the level of inflation, the volume of investments, and labor productivity were examined. The obtained results were compared with scientific theories of economic growth, particularly the Solow economic growth model and other modern economic approaches. In addition, the factors influencing the sustainable development of Uzbekistan’s economy were identified, existing problems and future development paths were discussed, and certain economic indicators for the next 3–4 years were forecasted. The results of the article serve to evaluate the country’s economic policy and to draw scientifically grounded conclusions.

This article presents scientific and theoretical definitions and their comparative analysis with the concepts of economic potential given by economic scientists, as well as emphasizes the scientific and theoretical aspects of economic potential in the service sector and reveals the improvement of the use of economic potential in the service sector.

This article examines the relationship between economic growth and air pollution in Uzbekistan, which has achieved rapid economic development in recent years. Using data from 2000 to 2020, we used econometric methods to examine the impact of economic growth on air pollution. Our results show that economic growth has a positive and significant effect on air pollution in Uzbekistan, suggesting the existence of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. However, the relationship between economic growth and air pollution is not linear, and the tipping point at which economic growth begins to reduce air pollution is not yet clear in Uzbekistan. Our findings have important policy implications for the sustainable development of Uzbekistan's economy and the reduction of air pollution.

This article provides forecasts for global and domestic economic growth, inflation, employment, investment, and other macroeconomic developments. This article analyzes the expected economic developments in 2025, including forecasts and analyses made by economists. It also considers how economic policy, world trade, and technological innovations are expected to affect economic development. The article provides economic analysis and views on global crises, sustainable growth strategies, job creation, and ways to ensure economic stability. The macroeconomic forecasts for 2025 discuss interstate cooperation, the renewal of the global economy, and the economic impact of new technologies.

This article examines the concept of qualitative economic growth and its role as a central indicator of Uzbekistan's economic development. In contrast to traditional measures focused solely on GDP growth, qualitative economic growth emphasizes sustainable development, structural diversification, productivity growth, income equality, and social well-being. The study analyzes Uzbekistan's economic trajectory over the past decade, focusing on improvements in industrial production, investments in human capital, technology adoption, and institutional reforms. Using qualitative and quantitative data, the article assesses how macroeconomic stability, structural reforms, and regional development initiatives contribute not only to the volume but also to the quality of growth. The article concludes with recommendations for improving the quality of growth, including diversifying the economy, developing high-value industries, strengthening social protection, and improving governance efficiency.

The article discusses the growing importance of the informatization sector in the economy of Uzbekistan. The development of information technologies and their integration into the economic system play an important role in ensuring the country's economic growth, increasing efficiency and competitiveness. Informatization allows to further simplify and accelerate economic processes through the introduction of modern technologies, especially in the areas of public administration, business and education. In particular, the digital economy, e-commerce, online services, as well as the use of databases and artificial intelligence technologies allow to achieve effective resource management and optimize production and service processes. The development of informatization also affects the improvement of the business environment, the creation of new jobs and ensuring economic stability. The article discusses the integration of information technologies into the economy, digital transformation processes and related economic results. The report also analyzes the opportunities and challenges arising from the transition of Uzbekistan to a digital economy.

The article examines the concepts of economic competence and its key components essential for the successful professional development of students. It highlights the features of economic competence and its structural elements, including knowledge, skills, and attitudes, and describes their content. An analysis is conducted on the relevance of developing economic competencies in the context of modern socio-economic realities. Finally, practical recommendations are proposed for the effective development of students' economic competence, which may be useful for educators and educational institutions.

This article presents a scientific analysis of the key factors and prospects for ensuring economic security in small business and private entrepreneurship activities. The article analyzes the necessary indicators for ensuring the economic security of small business entities, including financial stability, competitiveness, technological innovations, financial management systems, digital security, and market diversification. The research provides recommendations and prospects for enhancing economic security for small businesses.

Pollution and the economy have been closely interconnected throughout the entirety of human history. The understanding of the relationship between environmental degradation and economic development is incomplete as a result of disciplinary prejudices. The aim of this research is to comprehend the dynamic correlation between air pollution and the economy of Uzbekistan. Additionally, it seeks to examine the presence of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) to identify the most effective policy options for reducing emissions while sustaining economic growth. This study utilized the Bayer-Hanck Cointegration test and Granger Causality tests to accomplish its objectives. The presence of Bayer-Hanck cointegration suggests a durable connection between air pollution and economic growth. Furthermore, the Granger causality test demonstrates that there is a causal relationship between economic growth and the three air pollutants, with a significance level of 0.05. This study seeks to address a gap in the current literature by examining the relationship between air pollutants and economic growth. It attempts to investigate the EKC hypothesis and the effects of air pollution on economic growth specifically in Uzbekistan.

This scientific study is devoted to a comparative analysis of the economic efficiency of tax incentives and subsidy policies in the development of the hotel industry in Uzbekistan and South Korea. The work comprehensively studies the methods of financial stimulation of the hotel sector, their impact on investment attractiveness and regional economic 

growth based on the experience of the two countries. The main objective of the study is to determine the effectiveness of economic instruments that support the development of the hotel industry, in particular, through tax incentives and state subsidies. At the same time, the practical results of public-private partnership mechanisms are also evaluated based on empirical evidence. During the study, the relative advantages of the effectiveness of financial approaches used in Uzbekistan and South Korea are determined; The impact of tax and subsidy policies on reducing interregional disparities and increasing tourism potential is assessed; An incentive model adapted for Uzbekistan, based on international best practices, is developed. This study is of practical and theoretical importance for economists, analysts, tourism decision-makers, investment policymakers, as well as postgraduate researchers. The study not only highlights existing economic and institutional problems, but also puts forward scientifically based proposals for their solution. Therefore, this work serves as a reliable source for creating a sustainable tourism policy. The scientific novelty of the study is the first systematic comparative analysis of the practice of applying tax incentives and subsidies in the hotel industry of Uzbekistan and South Korea. This work identifies the impact of tax incentives on criteria such as investment activity, regional development, and service quality. In addition, an incentive model adapted to national conditions and focused on economic efficiency was developed, and practical recommendations were given for the development of tourism infrastructure based on public-private partnerships.

This article discusses in detail the concept of economic efficiency of the railway transport system and its theoretical foundations. The economic efficiency of transport services represents the rational use of transport resources and the ability to have a positive impact on national economic growth. This article reviews important aspects of international and local experience. It also identifies the main indicators and criteria used to assess economic efficiency. The results of the study serve as an important scientific basis for developing strategies aimed at developing the railway transport system. The article analyzes the concept of economic efficiency and modern approaches to its assessment.

In recent years, given the importance of new investment projects in the
Republic of Uzbekistan, large-scale events have been carried out aimed at creating special
economic zones, their development, as well as attracting investment in ongoing projects. However,
not all new projects implemented in special economic zones achieve their goals, and some projects
are not delivered on time. This shows how important it is to properly organize the verification of
costs for new projects implemented in special economic zones, as well as to evaluate the
effectiveness of projects during the verification process. This article discusses the issues of
organizing an audit of the costs of new projects in free economic zones - a type of special economic
zones and assessing their effectiveness through analytical procedures

The article emphasizes that attention should be paid to new principles of functioning of people's relationships, reflecting not only economic, but also socio-cultural, spiritual-ethical and spiritual-psychological aspects of these relationships, taking into account that modern economic theory has not been able to answer the socio-economic problems of the current period that have arisen due to modern transformations, climate change, the emergence of the knowledge economy, globalization processes, due to the fact that the worldview of the world population and the principles of human behavior are becoming more homogeneous. The dependence due to transformation processes, with insufficient implementation of the task as a theoretical and methodological basis for other economic sciences and the economic policy of the state, is substantiated.

This article is devoted to improving the methodology for applying artificial intelligence (AI) systems in order to achieve sustainable economic growth in the conditions of Uzbekistan. The main goal of the research is to develop effective mechanisms for integrating AI technologies into national economic sectors (for example, agriculture, industry or services). The article analyzes existing foreign and domestic experiences and identifies institutional, technical and personnel problems in the implementation of AI. As a main result, an improved methodology for implementing AI-based decision-making systems in economic planning is proposed. This methodology is based on the principles of AI security, transparency and economic efficiency. The results of the research are of practical importance in developing economic development strategies and using AI technologies.

The article provides a scientific and theoretical analysis of the economic essence, content, and classification of construction services. Within the framework of the evolution of service sector theory, construction services are examined as an independent type of economic activity. The study substantiates the role of construction services in the investment and construction process, their impact on the development of the real sector, regional economic growth, and the formation of human capital. A classification of construction services based on functional, technological, and economic characteristics is proposed, highlighting their importance in creating high value added. The findings have practical significance for the development of the construction services market, improvement of management mechanisms, and ensuring sustainable economic growth.

The article is devoted to the behavior of economic entities in the investment process in the theory of Keynes. In modern conditions of the formation of the information paradigm of socio-economic development, there is a growing interest in the issues of implementing the investment process, which is due, on the one hand, to the transition of all technological systems and complexes from the analog to the digital sphere, and on the other, to the need to stimulate investment of economic entities in order to create a basis for sustainable economic growth.

This article analyzes the issues of ensuring economic security in our country in the context of the transition to a digital economy, the scientific and theoretical views and ideas of foreign and domestic scientists on this issue. In the transition to a digital economy, proposals were developed, first of all, to create a legal framework and improve existing ones.

To organize full control and management of the activities of the organizational and economic mechanism in the services market of our republic. Classification of indicators that determine the principles, factors and institutional conditions of economic growth in the services sector, as well as research on the methodology of assessing labor efficiency.