This scientific study is devoted to a comparative analysis of the economic efficiency of tax incentives and subsidy policies in the development of the hotel industry in Uzbekistan and South Korea. The work comprehensively studies the methods of financial stimulation of the hotel sector, their impact on investment attractiveness and regional economic 

growth based on the experience of the two countries. The main objective of the study is to determine the effectiveness of economic instruments that support the development of the hotel industry, in particular, through tax incentives and state subsidies. At the same time, the practical results of public-private partnership mechanisms are also evaluated based on empirical evidence. During the study, the relative advantages of the effectiveness of financial approaches used in Uzbekistan and South Korea are determined; The impact of tax and subsidy policies on reducing interregional disparities and increasing tourism potential is assessed; An incentive model adapted for Uzbekistan, based on international best practices, is developed. This study is of practical and theoretical importance for economists, analysts, tourism decision-makers, investment policymakers, as well as postgraduate researchers. The study not only highlights existing economic and institutional problems, but also puts forward scientifically based proposals for their solution. Therefore, this work serves as a reliable source for creating a sustainable tourism policy. The scientific novelty of the study is the first systematic comparative analysis of the practice of applying tax incentives and subsidies in the hotel industry of Uzbekistan and South Korea. This work identifies the impact of tax incentives on criteria such as investment activity, regional development, and service quality. In addition, an incentive model adapted to national conditions and focused on economic efficiency was developed, and practical recommendations were given for the development of tourism infrastructure based on public-private partnerships.

In recent years, given the importance of new investment projects in the
Republic of Uzbekistan, large-scale events have been carried out aimed at creating special
economic zones, their development, as well as attracting investment in ongoing projects. However,
not all new projects implemented in special economic zones achieve their goals, and some projects
are not delivered on time. This shows how important it is to properly organize the verification of
costs for new projects implemented in special economic zones, as well as to evaluate the
effectiveness of projects during the verification process. This article discusses the issues of
organizing an audit of the costs of new projects in free economic zones - a type of special economic
zones and assessing their effectiveness through analytical procedures

The article analyzes existing methodologies for assessing the effectiveness of incentive tax benefits in regions and identifies their advantages and disadvantages. It is substantiated that the assessment of the effectiveness of incentive tax benefits is aimed at determining the correlation between losses in budget revenues and the economic benefits arising for the state and taxpayers, as well as making decisions to extend, adjust, or cancel the benefit. It is demonstrated that the assessment of tax benefit effectiveness should be carried out based on budgetary, economic, and social criteria, and the assessment process should be conducted stage-by-stage. Based on the research results, an assessment methodology based on an integral coefficient and covering the main efficiency criteria is proposed. This allows for a comprehensive assessment of the budgetary, economic, and social consequences of tax benefits at the local level, as well as making well-grounded management decisions.

Over the past decade, digital distance learning platforms have become a key element of the global education services market, which reached approximately USD 369.7 billion in 2024 and is projected to exceed USD 731.8 billion by 2034. The article proposes an analytical model for assessing the economic effectiveness of distance learning platforms, taking into account three groups of indicators: costs (licensing, infrastructure, content, and support); student engagement (user activity, time on platform, course completion rate); and the quality of educational services (satisfaction, academic performance, career outcomes). A comparative economic analysis is conducted based on data from Coursera, edX, Udemy, LinkedIn Learning, and Khan Academy for 2023–2024. It is shown that the introduction of digital platforms enables educational institutions to reduce operating costs by 20–35% while simultaneously increasing the accessibility of education. The findings are applicable for managing the quality and financial sustainability of educational programs in the Republic of Uzbekistan.

Special economic zones in Uzbekistan, as an institution of a market economy, occupy a special place in terms of their significant contribution to the development of regions. Currently, special economic zones (SEZs) are considered a priority area for attracting foreign and domestic investments. In this regard, assessing the effectiveness of special zones in the region and sectors of the economy and improving labor relations in them is an important research area.

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the impact of export and import processes on the effectiveness of the organizational and economic mechanism in children’s toy manufacturing. The study applies the PESTLE analysis method to assess the influence of external environment factors. In addition, an integrated index model is proposed to evaluate the efficiency of the organizational and economic mechanism. The results demonstrate that economic and technological factors have the greatest impact, while social and environmental aspects play a significant role in strategic development. The article concludes with practical recommendations aimed at enhancing efficiency in the sector and ensuring the competitiveness of domestic producers in the international market.

This article provides a comparative analysis of the economic development models of Scandinavian countries. Examples of countries such as Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, and Iceland, which combine innovative economies with high taxes, are discussed in the context of their resilience to economic crises. These nations occupy top positions in authoritative global rankings, reflecting the success of their economic policies. The article examines the distinctive features of the Scandinavian economic models based on principles of social justice. Additionally, it analyzes the economic and social policies of each country and evaluates their effectiveness.

This article analyzes the mechanisms of using financial instruments in ensuring regional development and their economic effectiveness. The study comparatively studies the models of financing regional development based on the experience of the European Union countries, in particular Poland and Turkey. The article analyzes the institutional foundations of financial instruments, revolving financing mechanisms, the activities of regional development agencies and the economic results of financing systems implemented on the basis of public-private partnerships. According to the results of the analysis, it was found that the effectiveness of financial instruments in regional development depends on their repeatability, targeting and the level of institutional coordination. Also, based on the experience of Poland and Turkey, the importance of using effective models of regional financing, in particular, revolving funds, regional development agencies and innovative financial instruments (venture funds, "green" bonds, sukuk) is substantiated. The results of the study allow us to develop practical recommendations for improving regional development financing mechanisms in Uzbekistan, increasing the economic potential of regions and stimulating investment activity.

This article examines the impact of external debt on economic growth through the lenses of classical, Keynesian, neoclassical, and endogenous growth theories. The study identifies the institutional environment, the optimal level of debt burden, investment allocation, and the quality of public governance as key determinants of external debt effectiveness.

The article examines the specifics and effectiveness of applying integration mechanisms in sensitive areas of bilateral cooperation between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Uzbekistan. The focus is placed on analyzing those areas of interaction that require a special approach to regulation and alignment of interests, including trade and economic relations, the energy sector, and migration. An assessment of the existing integration instruments is carried out, and institutional and organizational barriers limiting their effectiveness are identified. Particular attention is given to the potential for further deepening cooperation within the framework of Eurasian integration processes and the search for optimal models of interaction that contribute to the growth of mutual economic benefits. The findings and recommendations obtained may be used in shaping strategies for the development of Russian-Uzbek relations and improving integration policies in the region.

Evaluating the effectiveness of the tax policy strategy implemented in Uzbekistan, special attention is paid to the analysis of its tactical directions. The study used a comprehensive approach that took into account various economic indicators, fiscal data and socio-economic impacts. The study assessed the tax policy's compliance with national economic goals, its impact on business competitiveness, and its ability to stimulate economic growth and development. In addition, research examines the extent to which tax policy contributes to reducing income inequality and increasing social welfare. In order to increase the overall efficiency of the tax policy in Uzbekistan, potential directions for improvement in strategy and tactics are suggested.

Today, the shrinking volume of economic resources and the globalization of the international economy further increase the relevance of the introduction of an innovative economy in ensuring sustainable economic growth in the country. The economy of Uzbekistan is gradually moving from farming based on raw materials and agriculture, as it was before the 90s of the last century, to an innovative agricultural system that today produces and provides services for the production of finished consumer goods, the production of which is resource-saving and scientific. A significant in-depth understanding of the effectiveness of economic activity under the influence of the innovation system makes it necessary to ensure their proper combination within various industries and sectors of the economy. In turn, the process influenced by this combined system causes the need to ensure the fulfillment of a number of tasks aimed at the proper organization of financial and economic relations aimed at innovative activities.

This article examines the issues of improving the system of communication service provision to the population from institutional and economic perspectives. The study provides a theoretical substantiation of governance mechanisms, regulatory instruments, and factors determining the efficiency of the communication services market. Within the framework of the empirical analysis, official statistical data are employed to explore the relationships between service coverage, intensity of use, and regional economic indicators. The findings demonstrate that the sustainable development of the communication services system is directly dependent on the effectiveness of the institutional environment. The article proposes a model of institutional improvement aimed at aligning state regulatory policy, investment balance, and competitive market conditions. The results of the study provide a foundation for the development of scientifically grounded practical solutions focused on advancing communication services and enhancing sectoral governance efficiency.

In this article, the scientific-theoretical content of the tax policy and strategy and the economic conditions for its occurrence are to ensure the effectiveness of the tax-budget system. Tax policy plays a very important role in the economic policy of any country. Tax policy is closely related to other economic policies of the state and influences them. Correct development of tax policy and determination of its strategic and tactical directions is a very urgent and complex process.

The article examines the current issues of improving the efficiency of managing the entrepreneurial activities of sports organizations in Uzbekistan. An economic mechanism is proposed, aimed at optimizing the processes of income generation, expense control, and enhancing the overall financial stability of a sports organization. The mechanism includes financial-economic, marketing, organizational-managerial, and control-analytical blocks. The effectiveness of the proposed mechanism is demonstrated using the example of the "Lokomotiv" football club; its main sources of income and expenditure directions are analyzed, and target indicators for performance assessment are also proposed.

This article examines the role of generative artificial intelligence in the digital transformation of economic sectors, with a particular focus on assessing implementation efficiency and ensuring technological security. The study argues that generative AI is becoming a strategic tool for improving productivity, operational speed, decision-making quality, and innovation capacity across manufacturing, finance, logistics, public administration, and other sectors. At the same time, the article emphasizes that the benefits of generative AI are accompanied by serious technological risks, including data leakage, model misuse, privacy violations, unreliable outputs, and cybersecurity vulnerabilities. The research is based on a qualitative comparative analysis of recent open-access academic and institutional sources, including OECD, World Bank, NIST, and sector-specific studies. The findings show that the effectiveness of generative AI should be evaluated through a dual framework that combines economic performance indicators with technological security criteria. The article concludes that sustainable implementation requires not only digital infrastructure and organizational adaptation, but also strong governance mechanisms, human oversight, and continuous risk monitoring.

In the article, a comparative analysis of the approaches implemented by the authors in revealing the nature of the category of economic efficiency of production activity in industrial enterprises was carried out and the author's definition was presented.

This article analyzes the significance of information and communication technologies (ICT) and the mechanisms for their effective use in ensuring the economic security of enterprises. Among the key structural components of economic security, information security holds a particularly important place. The article addresses the issues of protecting the enterprise's information environment, counteracting internal and external threats, managing information flows, and implementing legal, organizational, and software-technical measures to ensure security. Special attention is given to the types of modern ICT tools, their functional capabilities, and potential challenges that may arise during their implementation. Based on the analysis, the article provides recommendations for developing adaptive management systems, strategies for ensuring information security, and measures to enhance enterprise competitiveness.

This research paper investigates the relationship between government external debt and economic growth, focusing on its nature and impact. The findings suggest that the nature of government external debt, encompassing its composition, terms, and sustainability, significantly affects its impact on economic growth. Additionally, the analysis examines debt levels, debt service obligations, and the effectiveness of debt management strategies. The paper concludes by discussing policy implications and proposing measures to ensure sustainable debt management practices that foster long-term economic growth.

Modern financial science pays considerable attention to the study of the impact of fiscal policy on social development. The quality and timeliness of decision-making on the formation and implementation of budget policy affect the balance of public finances, the level of effectiveness of state regulation of socio-economic processes. Budgetary policy affects the effectiveness of financial and economic transformations in the public finance system, provides financing for the structural restructuring of the economy, stimulating the development of its priority sectors, accelerating the intensification of production and the level of development of society.

In this scientific article, the effectiveness of management mechanisms in diversifying tourism types is analyzed theoretically and empirically. The study examined the dynamics of change in the tourism structural structure based on data from 2020-2024 and applied the Gerfindal–Hirschman Index (TDI) and the Shannon entropy index (EDI) to assess the degree of diversification. Also, the relationship between tourism revenues and infrastructure investments, public-private partnership projects and digital marketing costs was evaluated on the basis of correlation and regression analysis. Empirical results have shown that there is a strong positive correlation between the level of tourism diversification and economic growth. Increased diversification index has been found to accelerate revenue growth. Management intensity and efficiency ratios have confirmed that resource utilization has increased over the years. The results of the study were scientifically substantiated that a comprehensive management approach and institutional coordination in the field of Tourism ensure sustainable economic growth

This article is devoted to the analysis of the growth of the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) services, its impact on various sectors of the economy, and the new opportunities and problems it creates. The study examines the effectiveness of using ICT services and their impact on economic growth, as well as important aspects such as economic inequality and cyber security.

The study highlights the role of foreign direct investment in economic growth, job creation, and technology transfer, and its importance in eliminating regional disparities.

This article analyzes scientific research conducted in the field of financial planning and highlights their theoretical and practical aspects. The role of financial planning in economic processes, its tasks at the strategic and tactical levels, and its impact on the financial stability of enterprises were analyzed on a scientific basis. Also, based on the experience of foreign countries, modern methods of financial planning, including budgeting, financial modeling, scenario analysis, and risk management, were studied. The results of the analysis show that financial planning is an important management tool that ensures economic growth and stability. Its effectiveness is directly related to the use of a correct information base, advanced accounting methods, and international standards.

This research paper sheds light on how time and efficiency factors are evaluated in the process of managing investment projects. The main focus is on the opportunities to obtain economic benefits by increasing efficiency and shortening project implementation periods during the project life cycle. This topic is very relevant today and is considered as one of the main criteria for successful implementation of projects and increasing their economic efficiency. Decision-making on investment projects is often time-constrained and requires effective planning and management.
Theoretical and practical aspects of project management were studied in the research. In particular, efficiency criteria were analyzed to increase the time-saving opportunities and profitability of the projects. The impact of time management on the project economy has been thoroughly studied, and the possibilities of obtaining economic benefits by reducing the time in the implementation of various projects have been considered. The study analyzes the factors necessary to improve the effectiveness of project management, including the optimal allocation of financial resources, manpower and technological infrastructure. The impact of proper planning and effective use of time in project management on the investment process is shown using practical examples. In addition to theoretical foundations, examples based on Uzbekistan and international experience are presented in the work