This article examines the impact of tax policy on economic inequality, analyzing the effects of each type of tax on economic inequality separately. Also, research of foreign scientists on this research were studied and a conclusion was formed at the end.

This article explores scientific issues related to inequality and stratification of population incomes. Income stratification is considered an integral element of the socio-economic system. The formation of population incomes has its own specific characteristics, and various factors are examined, such as the social status and background of individuals, education level, adaptation to the external social environment, intellectual and managerial abilities, among others.

This article is devoted to the analysis of the growth of the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) services, its impact on various sectors of the economy, and the new opportunities and problems it creates. The study examines the effectiveness of using ICT services and their impact on economic growth, as well as important aspects such as economic inequality and cyber security.

This article examined the issue of regulating the population's income using fiscal instruments. The study examined theoretical and empirical scientific literature on assessing the impact of taxes on reducing income inequality. The article also analyzes the structure of population income and the impact of fiscal instruments on income inequality. A regression analysis of factors influencing the uneven distribution of population income (Gini coefficient) was conducted. As a result of the research and analysis, conclusions were drawn about the regulation of population incomes by fiscal instruments.

The article addresses to examine how improvements in fiscal governance affect social equity outcomes by integrating the empirical framework that combines (the Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability) PEFA-based indicators of (Public financial management) PFM efficiency framework with (the Commitment to Equity) CEQ-based measures of income inequality and poverty methodology. The develops Relying exclusively on publicly available data from national statistical and fiscal sources, the paper constructs a composite PFM index and estimates its relationship with social equity outcomes over the period 2010-2024. Regression results indicate that improvements in public financial management are significantly associated with reductions in income inequality and poverty. In particular, budget credibility and fiscal risk management emerge as the most influential institutional dimensions driving redistribution effectiveness. The study provides novel empirical evidence from a transition economy and highlights the importance of integrating institutional and distributional perspectives in fiscal governance reforms.

It is aimed at improving the social stratification of the population and their standard of living, reducing inequality. In addition, solving the issues of distribution and redistribution of the population's income will ensure a comfortable standard of living not only for the needy. In a certain sense, the provision of employment in the informal sector is aimed at protecting the social rights of employees. Establishing progressive tax rates on the incomes of individuals in order to reduce the level of income stratification of the population in our country. Entrepreneurship is aimed at creating new jobs and increasing income

Despite the steady development of the economy of our republic, which leads to a consistent increase in national income and an increase in household incomes, there is a need for financial mechanisms aimed at reducing income inequality by observing the principles of social justice.

Evaluating the effectiveness of the tax policy strategy implemented in Uzbekistan, special attention is paid to the analysis of its tactical directions. The study used a comprehensive approach that took into account various economic indicators, fiscal data and socio-economic impacts. The study assessed the tax policy's compliance with national economic goals, its impact on business competitiveness, and its ability to stimulate economic growth and development. In addition, research examines the extent to which tax policy contributes to reducing income inequality and increasing social welfare. In order to increase the overall efficiency of the tax policy in Uzbekistan, potential directions for improvement in strategy and tactics are suggested.

Ensuring the employment of women in Uzbekistan and their professional orientation is one of the priorities of State policy. Improving the level of professional training of women and their competitiveness in the labor market plays an important role in eliminating gender inequality. Based on this, this article focuses on the issues of the vocational training system for women in the field of employment.

It is aimed at improving the social stratification of the population and their standard of living, reducing inequality. In addition, solving the issues of distribution and redistribution of the population's income will ensure a comfortable standard of living not only for the needy. In a certain sense, the provision of employment in the informal sector is aimed at protecting the social rights of employees. Establishing progressive tax rates on the incomes of individuals in order to reduce the level of income stratification of the population in our country. Entrepreneurship is aimed at creating new jobs and increasing income. According to the information given above, a new approach to higher education institutions, a modified introduction to the education system is becoming a demand of the times. The article focuses on the preparation of highly qualified personnel through the introduction of training into the higher education system.

This article highlights the significance of land and property taxes levied on individuals in the socio-economic development of mahallas in the Republic of Uzbekistan, as well as the processes related to the implementation of the newly introduced mahalla budget mechanism in practice. Additionally, recommendations have been developed for increasing the revenues of mahalla budgets through taxation, which are expected to play an important role in reducing economic inequality between mahallas, addressing social issues of the population, and solving problems related to regional infrastructure.

How does globalization affect labor markets and migration processes? In this study, the authors examine how globalization affects job opportunities, wages, and labor mobility. While skilled workers benefit from increased global opportunities, low-skilled workers face greater economic uncertainty. The study also examines the challenges of return migration, including skill mismatch and labor market reintegration difficulties. The results of the study suggest that globalization affects different workers in different ways, requiring policies that ensure fair opportunities and economic stability for all.

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of world experience in introducing a progressive personal income tax system. In particular, the systems operating in the USA, Germany, Scandinavian countries (Sweden, Denmark), the Russian Federation and several Asian countries (Japan, South Korea, Singapore), their historical development, political and economic motivations, tax rate levels, social protection policy and impact on the general economic situation are discussed. Also, based on the lessons learned from these countries, the possibilities of forming the most appropriate progressive system for the conditions of Uzbekistan are assessed.

This article explores the theoretical and methodological foundations of analyzing income redistribution within public financial policy using the CEQ (Commitment to Equity) methodology. Additionally, a brief analysis of the current state of the informal sector in Uzbekistan is provided, which is not directly reflected in the methodology. The conclusion includes findings on how the methodology has been piloted in the fiscal policies of several countries and has been applied to support fiscal reform. The paper highlights the potential of achieving social justice and sustainable economic development through effective fiscal policy.

This article analyzes the future scenarios of regional socio-economic development in the context of forming an innovation economy, grounded in scientific evidence. The introduction outlines contemporary trends (digital transformation, artificial intelligence, green technologies, and climate change), while the literature review is based on several scholarly research works from prestigious journals over the past five years, encompassing the evolution of RIS (regional innovation systems), empirical models, and policy recommendations. The methodology relies on systematic literature review (SLR) and scenario planning. The results delineate three scenarios: optimistic (2–5% growth through digital integration), pessimistic (inequality and stagnation), and mixed (transformative adaptation). The conclusion proposes strengthening RIS and investing in green innovations

The digital transformation of the economy has become a crucial factor in reshaping consumer market dynamics around the world, especially in emerging economies. This article examines the impact of digitalization on the development and structural change of the consumer market in Uzbekistan. The study analyzes how the expansion of digital technologies, such as e-commerce platforms, digital payment systems, online retail services, and data-driven marketing, has changed consumer behavior, market access, competition, and efficiency. The study results show that digital transformation has contributed to increasing market transparency, reducing transaction costs, expanding consumer choice, and enhancing the role of small and medium-sized enterprises in the consumer market. At the same time, the study identified persistent challenges related to digital inequality, infrastructure gaps, and regulatory adaptation. The article concludes that a sustainable digital transformation, supported by targeted policy measures and institutional reforms, is crucial for building a competitive, inclusive, and resilient consumer market in Uzbekistan.

Ensuring the employment of women in Uzbekistan and their professional orientation is one of the priorities of State policy. Improving the level of professional training of women and their competitiveness in the labor market plays an important role in eliminating gender inequality. Based on this, this article focuses on the issues of the vocational training system for women in the field of employment.

The article presents groundbreaking research using advanced econometric models to understand the complex relationships between infant mortality, under-5 mortality, and female mortality in foreign countries. Conventional least-squares regression (OLS) and structural equation modeling (SEM) techniques were used to analyze data from 121 countries around the world to identify the complex interplay of factors that influence these important mortality rates. Approaches have also been developed to identify subtle dynamics affecting maternal and child health outcomes and to reduce mortality. The approaches and proposals of the authors are presented in the study.

This article examines the state of the movement of commodity and material resources in the commodity market of the Republic of Uzbekistan for 2015–2024, the dynamics of macroeconomic indicators and the composition of foreign trade using comparative and statistical analysis methods. The main objective of the study is to assess structural changes in the commodity market, identify existing problems related to logistics and import dependence, and develop scientifically based recommendations for the development of the sector. The results of the analysis show that during the period under study, the country's GDP increased by 72.6%, and foreign trade turnover by 177%. In addition, the volume of digital trade increased by an average annual rate of 40.2%, becoming the most promising segment of the commodity market. At the same time, systemic problems such as the high share of raw materials in the export structure, high logistics costs, and economic disparity between regions (a 6.3-fold difference between the city of Tashkent and Karakalpakstan) remained. The research findings developed practical proposals aimed at improving import substitution policies, developing logistics infrastructure, and reducing regional inequality.