This article explores the regulatory framework and legal aspects that constitute yhe basis for the evolution of digital lending in the banking sector. In current financial landscape, banks are increasingly using digital technologies to transform retail lending practices. This article explores the digital transformation of retail lending and the legal frameworks that will regulate it, protect consumer rights, and ensure the integrity of financial systems.

This article examines the concept and essence of retail business, retail lending and retail customer service, the role and importance of the implementation of social packages of services in the development of the country's economy, the donation of local and international financial institutions and foreign banks in the formation of banking resources. Moreover, the role and importance of the development of lending to retail customers, which is significant for a commercial bank, are considered. The perspective of the development of retail banking lending and its role in the development of the country's economy is considered. Suggestions and recommendations for improving retail lending are given

The article provides an analysis of the literature on the theoretical foundations of lending mechanisms of commercial banks, as well as their interrelationship with the credit mechanism. Also, the theoretical foundations of external factors influencing the lending mechanisms of commercial banks in the economy are explained, and the aspects that should be paid attention to in practice related to them are highlighted, and appropriate conclusions are presented.

This article examines how financial stability in agriculture can be enhanced through the integration of budgetary, insurance and banking mechanisms of agricultural financing. The main purpose of the study is to assess the synergistic effect of combining government budget support, agricultural insurance and commercial bank lending in the context of Uzbekistan’s rural sector. The methodological framework includes a literature review, correlation and regression analysis, an insurance pricing model, credit risk analysis and the assessment of a farm capitalization index. The empirical database is built using statistics from international organizations such as the IMF, FAO, World Bank and OECD, as well as official data from Uzbekistan. The results show that higher public agricultural expenditure reduces the volatility of agricultural growth, expanded insurance coverage improves farmers’ access to credit, and insured loans exhibit significantly lower default probabilities. The relatively low farm capitalization index indicates that Uzbekistan’s agricultural sector is undercapitalized and constrained in terms of long-term investments. The authors argue that the integrated use of budgetary support, insurance schemes and bank lending should be viewed as a strategic direction for strengthening financial stability in agriculture and propose practical policy recommendations for agricultural and financial authorities.

Investment loans of commercial banks are the most important source of long-term financial resources for industrial enterprises, which are considered the main branch of the economy, and are a necessary condition for the progressive and innovative development of the economy. This article proposes to introduce effective lending for investment projects into the lending activities of banks. Also, based on the study of factors influencing the investment policy of banks, relevant scientific conclusions and proposals have been developed.

This article explores the essence and role of alternative sources of financing in the context of the development of competition in lending markets, with a focus on microcredit organizations. The author analyzes the influence of microcredit organizations on the dynamics of competition, their ability to reduce barriers to access to financial services and improve lending conditions for small businesses and people with limited financial resources. The study results highlight the importance of microcredit organizations in promoting competition and expanding financial inclusion for a wide range of consumers and entrepreneurs.

The article describes the theoretical and practical aspects of the role of financial indicators of banks in the implementation of effective lending mechanisms in commercial banks. In particular, the composition of assets and liabilities of commercial banks, the profitability of assets and capital, the 10-year dynamics of problem loans in commercial banks and their share, as well as the 10-year dynamics of the amount of reserves created for them, were formed.

This article examines the problematic situations that affect the lending processes of small business entities. Proportionate cases related to the systematic development features of the processes of increasing the efficiency of crediting of small business and private entrepreneurship activities in the regions have been studied. A scientific proposal and practical recommendations on the improvement of the territorial basis of the mechanism of crediting activities of small business subjects have been formed.

This article comprehensively covers issues related to improving the financing process for small and medium-sized businesses through bank loans. The research analyzes the role of commercial banks in lending to small and medium-sized businesses, existing problems, and advanced approaches to addressing them. Furthermore, the current state of financing mechanisms for small businesses in the banking system of Uzbekistan is studied, and directions for their modernization are justified based on foreign experience. The article puts forward practical proposals for improving bank credit policy, increasing the efficiency of credit resources, and implementing new mechanisms for financial support of business entities.

In the article, the analysis of the practical situation of the financial indicators directly and indirectly affecting the lending mechanism is carried out on the example of a foreign commercial bank, and the results are highlighted. In particular, scientific conclusions were formed by analyzing the 10-year dynamics of commercial banks' composition of assets and liabilities, profitability of assets and capital, structure of bank income.

The article discusses the current situation and main trends in the field of financing tourism organizations in Uzbekistan. Both state and private sources of financing were analyzed, special attention was paid to the issues of preferential lending, tax incentives, and subsidizing projects aimed at the development of tourism infrastructure. The article identifies the main problems facing the tourism sector and suggests ways to overcome them based on the analysis of successful practices and strategies.

This article systematically examines the socio-economic factors influencing the level of housing provision for the population. The study identifies and groups key factors such as income levels, employment status, family composition, urbanization processes, availability of mortgage lending, housing prices, state housing policy and subsidies, demographic changes, and infrastructure development. The research findings aim to determine the interrelationships among these factors and the extent of their impact on improving housing conditions for the population, while providing practical recommendations for shaping state policy and ensuring socio-economic stability.

This article examines the role of commercial banks in advancing green financing in Uzbekistan amid climate change pressures and the country’s transition to a green economy. The study aims to identify the institutional and market barriers constraining green lending and to formulate practical recommendations tailored to the national financial system. Methodologically, the paper employs a mixed-method approach that combines document analysis, statistical analysis and comparative assessment of international experience. The empirical base includes national policy and statistical materials as well as analytical sources from international development institutions. The article contributes policy-relevant recommendations on taxonomy implementation, ESG disclosure, capacity building, and green mortgage instruments.

In developed countries, by improving the practical foundations of the credit mechanism, the role of commercial banks in the development of the real sector of the economy, in ensuring the efficiency of the use of loans, and in the development of bank lending activities on the basis of innovations is ensured.
The article reveals urgent problems related to the improvement of the practical foundations of the credit mechanism and develops scientific problems aimed at solving these problems.

In the article, the structure of assets in commercial banks and their grouping, the reasons for the emergence of problem assets and the internal and external factors affecting their emergence, based on their analysis, are studied. Also, the signs that lead to acceptable loans in the lending process of banks are also covered.

This article examines the multifaceted issues of non-performing loans in commercial banks, focusing on understanding their specific features, emphasizing important issues related to risk management in financial institutions. The study includes factors influencing the occurrence of problem loans, their economic indicators, the state of the credit market, characteristics of borrowers, as well as regulatory effects. In addition, the study examines the specific characteristics of problem loans, such as loan volume, type and collateral, and highlights the circumstances that distinguish them from loans. It also presents important approaches of commercial banks to develop effective strategies to reduce the risk of loan default.

This article discusses the problems of the energy sector. Technologies in the energy sectors of the world, their achievements and shortcomings are highlighted on the basis of research by international organizations. The proposals and recommendations on the development of green energy sources in Uzbekistan are given.

The article examines the concept and essence of investment lending and project
financing, foreign experience of banks in financing investment projects. It is known that financing
large enterprises in the country contributes to GDP growth and sustainable economic
development. Today, Uzbekistan pays great attention to improving the financial and banking
sector, banks with a state share are on the way to privatization. International financial
institutions such as the International Finance Corporation (IFC), the European Bank for
Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) and the Asian Development Bank (ADB) are involved in
the process of privatization of the banking sector. In this study, the possibilities of applying foreign
experience in financing investment projects were studied

The article is devoted to the improvement of the mechanism of crediting education, and many scientific studies have been studied in the framework of the study. Existing problems in education crediting mechanisms were examined one by one, as well as sustainable financing models were studied and proposed to be introduced in Uzbekistan

In the article, using one of the methods of statistical analysis of programs aimed at developing family entrepreneurship in the country, loans allocated to the industry on the basis of these programs, a seasonality index is calculated, and it is studied in which months the most preferential loans are received. Based on the statistical studies carried out, relevant conclusions and proposals are given.

The article examined the foreign practice of financing Women's Entrepreneurship and the possibilities of its use in Uzbekistan. At the same time, the existing problems are highlighted in this process, and recommendations for their elimination are developed.

В последние годы подавляющее большинство появляющихся банковских продуктов в контексте цифровизации экономики являются именно цифровыми банковскими продуктами. В статье рассматриваются вопросы формирования предложения по ипотечным ценным бумагам на национальном рынке банковских продуктов. Как наиболее оптимальный способ в этом отношении, ипотечные кредиты с использованием финансовых технологий были обоснованы как способ создания механизма секьюритизации.

The article considers the current state of small and medium-sized businesses (SMB) in Kazakhstan on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of state measures to support entrepreneurship in Kazakhstan, identifies the main barriers that hinder its growth and development. Special attention is paid to the problems of lending, taxation and access to information resources. The author considers effective strategies implemented by the government of Kazakhstan within the framework of national programmes and initiatives, and assesses their effectiveness on the basis of available empirical data. International experience is also analysed to identify the most successful incentive mechanisms. The paper offers specific recommendations for improving the institutional environment and developing a comprehensive system of support for priority areas of SME development. The importance of creating favourable conditions for innovation and increasing the export potential of enterprises is discussed. The final part is devoted to strategic planning at the state level to achieve sustainable socio-economic development.

The article analyzes the achievements of Uzbekistan in the field of sustainable development in recent years, including the introduction of renewable energy sources, increased waste recycling and legislative initiatives. It provides international experience of the EU, USA, China, Kazakhstan and other countries, demonstrating successful practices of financial incentives. The article offers recommendations for the creation of a national "green fund", the development of preferential lending programs, educational initiatives and the improvement of the investment climate. It is predicted that the implementation of these measures will increase the share of renewable energy, reduce CO₂ emissions and create new jobs in environmentally friendly industries.

The article studies the views of leading world scientists on problems and solutions in agricultural financing, describes existing problems and solutions in agricultural financing, analyzes the problems and solutions in agricultural financing in the top 7 most developed agricultural countries, and provides substantiated conclusions and proposals for solving problems in agricultural financing in our country.