The article analyzes existing methodologies for assessing the effectiveness of incentive tax benefits in regions and identifies their advantages and disadvantages. It is substantiated that the assessment of the effectiveness of incentive tax benefits is aimed at determining the correlation between losses in budget revenues and the economic benefits arising for the state and taxpayers, as well as making decisions to extend, adjust, or cancel the benefit. It is demonstrated that the assessment of tax benefit effectiveness should be carried out based on budgetary, economic, and social criteria, and the assessment process should be conducted stage-by-stage. Based on the research results, an assessment methodology based on an integral coefficient and covering the main efficiency criteria is proposed. This allows for a comprehensive assessment of the budgetary, economic, and social consequences of tax benefits at the local level, as well as making well-grounded management decisions.

This article reveals the role of pension provision and compulsory pension insurance in the social protection system of the population in modern states, as well as their significance in ensuring sustainable development. The study conducts a comparative analysis of the levels of compulsory, corporate, and private pension provision, their sources of financing, the range of participants, and functional characteristics using the pension systems of Germany, Italy, and the United States as examples. In addition, the regulatory role of the state in the pension system, the principle of intergenerational solidarity, the importance of funded pension mechanisms, and the impact of population aging on the pension system are highlighted. The article also compares the experience of certain foreign countries according to such criteria as retirement age, minimum insurance record, and the amount of insurance contributions. The current state of the pension system of Uzbekistan is substantiated, along with the factors affecting its financial stability under demographic changes, the need to improve compulsory pension insurance, and the priority directions of reforms. In conclusion, it is noted that the development of the funded component of pensions, the strengthening of actuarial assessment, and the harmonization of compulsory and voluntary pension mechanisms, while adapting international experience to national conditions, contribute to improving the efficiency of the pension system.

This article discusses in detail the concept of economic efficiency of the railway transport system and its theoretical foundations. The economic efficiency of transport services represents the rational use of transport resources and the ability to have a positive impact on national economic growth. This article reviews important aspects of international and local experience. It also identifies the main indicators and criteria used to assess economic efficiency. The results of the study serve as an important scientific basis for developing strategies aimed at developing the railway transport system. The article analyzes the concept of economic efficiency and modern approaches to its assessment.

This study applies the Analytic Hierarchy Processing (AHP) method to assess and prioritize Uzbekistan's export development strategies. The methodology takes into account national strategic priorities defined by the President, government programs, as well as the opinions of expert economists and senior officials. On this basis, criteria and weights are formed. The analysis reveals increasing the competitiveness of products as a leading strategy, which is important for public policy.

This article examines the dynamics of absolute and relative mortality rates of the
population of the Republic of Karakalpakstan over a 20-year period, and compares the position of these indicators in cities and villages. Also, in the context of regional cities of the Republic of Karakalpakstan, mortality rates were analyzed through cross-comparison, the indicators of regional cities were examined based on international criteria, and the causes of death of the deceased were analyzed. In addition, the dynamics of infant mortality in the Republic of Karakalpakstan was studied and an analysis was carried out of the causes of death by year, as well as those who died under the age of 1 year. A comparison and analysis of the dynamics of life expectancy at birth in the Republic of Karakalpakstan in recent years has been carried out, and
conclusions and proposals have been made based on all the analyses.

This article pays special attention to the performance of each manager and employee working in the civil service in Uzbekistan, and also emphasizes the need to organize the work of a civil servant based on these principles.

The dynamics of the digital transformation of the economy and society, the versatility and diversity of digital development indicators, their significant differentiation by economic sectors and regions of the country dictate the need to develop comprehensive methods for assessing digital development. Based on the study of the patterns of formation of the digital economy, the article defines the stages of digital development, target criteria and a system of integral, generalizing and partial indicators for the stages of digitalization of the economy and society. The integral coefficient of the state of digital development is calculated using an additive model based on normalized values of real indicators. The potential values of particular indicators are used to assess the potential of digital development.