This article examines the concept of profit, how it is formed and the factors that influence it. Profit is affected by many factors, and they were divided into two groups: external and internal factors. Bank profit is formed on the basis of the bank's credit, deposit, settlement and other types of banking activities. Traditionally, the largest share falls on the margin, that is, the difference between deposit and credit interest. The scientific work also examines and analyzes the practical data of the entire banking system throughout 2023. Based on these data, the largest share of the income item, as well as expenses, was determined. In addition, it is possible to observe the dynamics of increase and decrease in interest and non-interest income.

The article analyzes in detail the factors influencing the development of tourism in the regions. The role and importance of external and internal factors in the development of tourism are discussed.

This article systematically examines the socio-economic factors influencing the level of housing provision for the population. The study identifies and groups key factors such as income levels, employment status, family composition, urbanization processes, availability of mortgage lending, housing prices, state housing policy and subsidies, demographic changes, and infrastructure development. The research findings aim to determine the interrelationships among these factors and the extent of their impact on improving housing conditions for the population, while providing practical recommendations for shaping state policy and ensuring socio-economic stability.

This article analyzes the main factors influencing the level of financial literacy among the population. The research results show that the level of financial literacy depends on socio-demographic characteristics (age, gender, education level, income), financial knowledge, financial behavior, financial attitudes, and financial preparedness. In addition, family, marital status, national and religious characteristics, as well as an individual’s experience with financial products, play an important role in shaping financial literacy.

The article analyzes the main factors influencing the dynamics of population growth in Uzbekistan. The study examines the interrelationship of demographic processes with economic and social development and considers such factors as birth rate, mortality, migration, urbanization, and the movement of labor resources as important indicators influencing the population. The study analyzed, based on statistical data, the demographic growth rates observed in the country in recent years, their differences by region, and changes in the structure of the population. The research results can serve as a scientific basis for the formation of Uzbekistan's long-term demographic policy.

This article provides an empirical analysis of the key economic factors influencing regional disparities in household income. The study examines indicators such as per capita income, average wages, employment rate, investment volume, and healthcare infrastructure availability. The findings reveal that wage levels and the amount of attracted investments are the main determinants of income growth, while employment rates and healthcare resources exert indirect effects, serving as supplementary drivers of regional welfare. The results have both theoretical and practical significance for the development of regional economic policies aimed at reducing income disparities across territories

This study evaluates the technical efficiency of wheat-producing farms in the Samarkand region and identifies the key factors influencing it. The analysis is based on survey data collected from 300 farmers in 2024. A two-stage methodological approach was applied: in the first stage, technical efficiency scores for each farm were estimated using the Cobb-Douglas production function; in the second stage, socio-economic and institutional determinants of efficiency were assessed using the Tobit regression model. The results reveal that the average technical efficiency level is 0.868, indicating that farmers have the potential to increase productivity by 13% using existing resources. According to the Tobit model, household size, the practice of tree planting, and the freedom to use fertilizers have a statistically significant and positive impact on efficiency, whereas membership in agricultural clusters has a significant but negative effect. The findings suggest that enhancing technical efficiency requires liberalizing input use, promoting environmentally friendly practices, and improving institutional frameworks.

This article explores the essence of service quality in the tourism sector, the factors influencing it, and its strategic importance for tourism companies. The evolution of the concept of service quality, its theoretical foundations, and key frameworks, such as the SERVQUAL model, are analyzed in detail. The paper highlights the cultural, social, and technological dimensions of service quality, as well as the role of human emotions and the integration of modern technologies in its enhancement. The review of theoretical and empirical literature suggests that improving service quality is vital for achieving sustainable development in the tourism sector.

This article is devoted to the study of the global foreign exchange market, its structure, main participants, and modern development trends under the conditions of financial globalization. Special attention is paid to the mechanisms of foreign exchange market functioning, the role of leading financial institutions, as well as the impact of macroeconomic factors and international integration processes on the dynamics of foreign exchange operations. Based on the conducted analysis, the main trends in the development of the foreign exchange market are identified, and the factors that most strongly influence its stability are determined. The study concludes that the role of international cooperation and integration processes in ensuring the stability of currency relations is increasing.

Foreign direct investment (FDI) is an important factor in the economic growth and development of a country. At the regional level, foreign direct investment represents long-term capital investments by foreign investors in the economies of specific territories of a country, aimed at establishing new enterprises, modernizing and expanding existing production facilities, as well as developing regional infrastructure and increasing the investment activity of the region. This article examines the factors and indicators that determine regional differences in attracting foreign direct investment. The influence of economic, institutional, infrastructural, and socio-demographic conditions on the level of investment activity in different regions is examined.

The article provides a scientific analysis of the concept of the investment environment, its structural components, and the internal and external factors influencing it. The objective necessity of ensuring investment attractiveness is substantiated. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of macroeconomic balance and institutional reforms, as well as the creation of a favorable business environment for both foreign and domestic investors, in ensuring sustainable economic growth. The criteria for assessing the investment environment and the impact of international ratings and indices on the country’s image are analyzed. Furthermore, the role of enhancing investment attractiveness in strengthening socio-economic stability is scientifically examined.

This article develops an econometric framework to formalize the determinants of consumer behavior and to quantify their effects on purchase decisions and consumption volumes. The analysis systematizes key drivers such as income and income uncertainty, prices and inflation expectations, household socio-demographic characteristics, access to information and digital channels, marketing exposure, and behavioral factors (trust and risk preferences). Methodologically, the study employs discrete-choice models (logit/probit) to estimate purchase probabilities, regression and panel data specifications (fixed/random effects) to model demand intensity, and strategies to mitigate endogeneity (instrumental variables and robustness checks). The proposed formalization supports evidence-based consumer policy design, market monitoring, and evaluation of interventions aimed at improving market transparency and consumer welfare.

The rapid development of the tourism industry is generating deep structural changes in the management of tourism infrastructure in Uzbekistan. This article provides a systematic analysis of the key components of tourism infrastructure, its development trends, and interactions with major economic factors. The study comparatively examines statistical data from 2016-2024 on the expansion of hotel capacity, improvements in transport and logistics systems, growth in investment flows, formation of regional tourism clusters, and service quality enhancements. Moreover, the impact of infrastructure development on tourism demand, the impulse of state policies and reforms on the sector, as well as pandemic-related disruptions and post-pandemic recovery dynamics, are assessed using econometric models. The findings contribute to the development of practical recommendations aimed at modernizing tourism infrastructure, increasing international tourist inflows, improving regional infrastructure efficiency, and ensuring sustainable economic growth.

Настоящая статья анализирует современные подходы к оценке различий в экономическом развитии регионов на научной основе. Во введении подчеркивается значимость региональных различий в глобальной экономике, акцентируя тенденции, такие как цифровизация, устойчивость и резилиентность. Обзор литературы, основанный на более чем 15 статьях из престижных международных журналов за последние годы, обсуждает группы, включая пространственное моделирование, цифровой анализ, резилиентность и институциональные факторы. Методология основана на дизайне смешанных методов, включающем синтез литературы и систематический анализ. Результаты анализа раскрывают динамику различий через пространственную автокорреляцию, экологическую чувствительность и институциональные индикаторы, демонстрируя процессы дивергенции в развивающихся странах. В заключении оцениваются преимущества и ограничения подходов, рекомендуется политика, основанная на месте, зеленые инвестиции и цифровая интеграция. Результаты имеют научную и практическую ценность для сокращения региональных различий.

The article examines the nature, causes and economic significance of employee turnover. The reasons for the increase in employee turnover in different regions of the world were studied and a comparative analysis of the situation in our country was conducted. Studies of the impact of employee turnover on the overall efficiency of an enterprise were summarized, and a mechanism for determining the costs that may arise due to turnover in various industries was developed. The reasons for the lack of official statistics on employee turnover in Uzbekistan were presented and theoretical solutions for its elimination were proposed. The factors influencing the growth or decrease in employee turnover were classified, and their impact on employee turnover was studied based on a moderation study.

This article is dedicated to the classification and analysis of factors influencing the management system of competitiveness in textile enterprises. It examines the key aspects of the management system necessary to improve the quality of products manufactured by enterprises in the textile industry and to ensure their competitiveness. As a solution to the issue, both internal and external factors are analyzed, including resources, innovation activities, strategic programs, and the significance of the management system, as well as the technologies and human resources required to enhance competitiveness.

This article analyzes the current state and current problems of innovative development of regional infrastructure in our country. The process of modernization of infrastructure and the introduction of innovative solutions plays an important role in increasing the economic stability and competitiveness of regions. Therefore, the study examines the main factors affecting the development of regional infrastructure, existing problems and ways to solve them. The analysis shows that the main obstacles to the implementation of infrastructure projects are the lack of financing, outdated technologies, institutional problems and territorial disparities. The article also analyzes advanced foreign experience and puts forward effective strategies for the formation of innovative infrastructure. The article also develops scientific and practical recommendations for the development of regional infrastructure and highlights its impact on sustainable innovative development. The results of the study can be of practical importance in the processes of regional policy formation and infrastructure planning.

This paper analyzes the structure of assets that ensure the stability of commercial banks and the factors affecting them using econometric methods. The main purpose of the study was to study such factors as the quality of banks' assets, liquidity indicators, the structure of the loan portfolio, as well as external economic factors. The results obtained using econometrics methods help commercial banks make important decisions to improve their sustainability. The practical significance of the research lies in the fact that it serves as a methodological basis for the formation of strategies aimed at the development of banking activities.

This article examines the formation of local budgets as an important stage of the financial strategy. At the same time, an analysis of the formation of income and expenses of the local budget of the Jizzakh region for 2024 was carried out. Proposals were made to improve the efficiency of local government bodies in the formation of the local budget.

The article explores the activities of retail enterprises, analysis of the factors
affecting them, scientific-theoretical approaches of scientists on the development of chakaa trade, analysis of foreign organizations in the development of retail trade. Marketing research of retail organizations has been conducted.

This article examines the effectiveness of strategic management of enterprises, the factors affecting it, methods for increasing the competitiveness of enterprises and the issues of improving the organizational and economic management mechanism

Today, in the conditions of increasing competition in the world market, the use of venture capital to increase the level of innovative activity is of urgent importance. Based on this, this article describes the relationship between innovative development and venture capital from a scientific and theoretical point of view, and the factors influencing it are detailed.

This article examines the multifaceted issues of non-performing loans in commercial banks, focusing on understanding their specific features, emphasizing important issues related to risk management in financial institutions. The study includes factors influencing the occurrence of problem loans, their economic indicators, the state of the credit market, characteristics of borrowers, as well as regulatory effects. In addition, the study examines the specific characteristics of problem loans, such as loan volume, type and collateral, and highlights the circumstances that distinguish them from loans. It also presents important approaches of commercial banks to develop effective strategies to reduce the risk of loan default.

In the article, the structure of assets in commercial banks and their grouping, the reasons for the emergence of problem assets and the internal and external factors affecting their emergence, based on their analysis, are studied. Also, the signs that lead to acceptable loans in the lending process of banks are also covered.

In this article, the processes of globalization and its impact on the country's economic security, as well as internal and external factors that threaten economic security, are thoroughly studied.