The article discusses the risks faced by commercial banks in their daily activities, which can negatively affect the financial condition and stability of banks. Banks face several types of risks in their activities. For this purpose, financial, operational, strategic, reputational, legal, international, natural disaster and environmental risks, medical and health, security, cost, technological risks are studied, and the requirements developed by the Basel Committee for studying the risks of banks are also studied.

This article examines how financial stability in agriculture can be enhanced through the integration of budgetary, insurance and banking mechanisms of agricultural financing. The main purpose of the study is to assess the synergistic effect of combining government budget support, agricultural insurance and commercial bank lending in the context of Uzbekistan’s rural sector. The methodological framework includes a literature review, correlation and regression analysis, an insurance pricing model, credit risk analysis and the assessment of a farm capitalization index. The empirical database is built using statistics from international organizations such as the IMF, FAO, World Bank and OECD, as well as official data from Uzbekistan. The results show that higher public agricultural expenditure reduces the volatility of agricultural growth, expanded insurance coverage improves farmers’ access to credit, and insured loans exhibit significantly lower default probabilities. The relatively low farm capitalization index indicates that Uzbekistan’s agricultural sector is undercapitalized and constrained in terms of long-term investments. The authors argue that the integrated use of budgetary support, insurance schemes and bank lending should be viewed as a strategic direction for strengthening financial stability in agriculture and propose practical policy recommendations for agricultural and financial authorities.

This article examines the multifaceted issues of non-performing loans in commercial banks, focusing on understanding their specific features, emphasizing important issues related to risk management in financial institutions. The study includes factors influencing the occurrence of problem loans, their economic indicators, the state of the credit market, characteristics of borrowers, as well as regulatory effects. In addition, the study examines the specific characteristics of problem loans, such as loan volume, type and collateral, and highlights the circumstances that distinguish them from loans. It also presents important approaches of commercial banks to develop effective strategies to reduce the risk of loan default.

The article highlights the issues of establishing the optimal level of public debt in Uzbekistan, exploring the relationship and coordination between fiscal and monetary policies. Various economic models and indicators are considered, including the inflation rate, unemployment rate, GDP per capita and interest rates. The potential consequences of an excessive increase in public debt are identified, including the risk of default and economic instability.