In this article, the factors affecting the level of problem loans are studied. Many factors such as macroeconomic, financial, social, and personal factors are discussed in the analysis. Macroeconomic conditions, especially inflation, unemployment, and credit rates, credit problems will have a big impact on the level. Also, the credit policies of financial institutions and the low level of financial literacy may also have a negative effect on the ability of credit borrowers to repay their debts. Social factors, for example, people not being able to accurately assess their financial situation or not being well prepared for economic shocks, cause the level of problem loans to increase. Personal factors, including the borrower's ability to make rational financial decisions, personal past economic experience, or problems related to forgotten obligations play a large role.

The article analyzes the role of ESG criteria (Environmental, Social, and Governance), which have become an integral part of the modern corporate governance system, in the activities of joint-stock companies. Particular attention is paid to assessing the impact of sustainable development factors on the management efficiency of industrial enterprises with a high environmental burden, based on both international and domestic experience. The study theoretically and practically examines the influence of ESG components on the management system, risk management mechanisms, and the investment attractiveness of enterprises.

The article analyzes the main factors influencing the dynamics of population growth in Uzbekistan. The study examines the interrelationship of demographic processes with economic and social development and considers such factors as birth rate, mortality, migration, urbanization, and the movement of labor resources as important indicators influencing the population. The study analyzed, based on statistical data, the demographic growth rates observed in the country in recent years, their differences by region, and changes in the structure of the population. The research results can serve as a scientific basis for the formation of Uzbekistan's long-term demographic policy.

This comprehensive study examines the theoretical issues surrounding the existence of the informal economy, exploring the complex interactions between formal and informal economic activities. It examines the economic theories that explain informality, the social and cultural factors that influence informal practices, and the relationship between the informal and formal sectors. The study explores challenges in defining and measuring the informal economy, discussing different methodological approaches, including labor market surveys, household surveys, participatory research, and technological innovation. The dissertation also addresses policy issues affecting economic growth, social dynamics, and government revenue.

This article analyzes the innovative mechanisms for integrating ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) principles into the corporate governance system and their impact on organizational efficiency. The study identifies factors that contribute to the sustainable development of companies, strengthening their social responsibility and environmental stability, as well as increasing corporate value through the implementation of ESG standards. The research examines the experience of implementing innovative approaches, including digital technologies, “green” investments, and responsible corporate governance models. Furthermore, scientifically grounded proposals and recommendations have been developed to assess the impact of ESG principles on economic efficiency, investment attractiveness, and corporate reputation. The results of the study contribute to a deeper understanding of modern trends in corporate governance and to the formation of sustainable development strategies for companies.

The article evaluates the size and composition of the informal economy in Uzbekistan, and the essence of the concept of the informal economy is also studied. Also, the reasons and factors for the wide spread of informal economic activity in Uzbekistan are analyzed, and comments on the limitations of the full coverage of informal economic activity are given. The situation of informal economic entities in Uzbekistan in 2021-2023 was analyzed and a conclusion was drawn at the end of the article.

While female entrepreneurship has grown to be a significant force behind social and economic advancement, research on the subject is still dispersed, making it difficult to pinpoint the elements that lead to women's entrepreneurial success. This study synthesizes previous research in this topic by conducting a systematic literature review in accordance with PRISMA 2020 principles. Major academic databases were used to find pertinent studies, which were then filtered following predetermined standards.The results show that a mix of contextual, relational, and individual factors affect the success of female entrepreneurs. Key influences include one's own ability, networks and social support, and external factors including institutional context and financial access. The review also emphasizes how sustainability-oriented activities are becoming more important but are still not well understood. All things considered, this study offers a comprehensive viewpoint on female business success and points out important areas for further investigation.

This article examines the current state of Uzbekistan’s financial market and the key institutional challenges emerging in the course of its development. In particular, it provides a scholarly analysis of such factors as low investor confidence, the relatively high cost of capital, the quality of corporate governance, and the limited availability of long-term financing sources. In addressing these challenges, the paper elaborates on the economic foundations and mechanisms for integrating ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) principles into the financial system. Drawing on the findings of international empirical studies, it synthesizes the impact of ESG factors on risk reduction, enhanced information transparency, and improved access to capital. Furthermore, the study formulates scientific and practical recommendations regarding the priority areas and institutional mechanisms for the implementation of ESG principles in the context of Uzbekistan.

This article explores the essence of service quality in the tourism sector, the factors influencing it, and its strategic importance for tourism companies. The evolution of the concept of service quality, its theoretical foundations, and key frameworks, such as the SERVQUAL model, are analyzed in detail. The paper highlights the cultural, social, and technological dimensions of service quality, as well as the role of human emotions and the integration of modern technologies in its enhancement. The review of theoretical and empirical literature suggests that improving service quality is vital for achieving sustainable development in the tourism sector.

The article analyzes the theoretical foundations of the institutional approach and its impact on regional economic development. The concept of an institutional structural module is proposed based on the coherence between national and regional institutions, cooperation between formal and informal institutions, social trust and cultural factors.

The article analyzes the content and significance of the concept of "Practical analysis of pension system financing", income and expenses of the pension fund, financial sources of the pension fund, demographic, economic, social factors affecting the pension fund, state pension provision, funded pension provision, private pension provision, distributed and mixed pension models.

The basic approach of the concept of social and ethical marketing is to determine the needs, desires and interests of the target markets, to ensure the desired level of satisfaction in effective ways aimed at maintaining and increasing the well-being of the consumer and society as a whole. The implementation of the social and ethical marketing concept requires a balance of three factors: the profit of the producing organization (industry, state), purchasing needs and the interests of society. There are also five basic principles of ethical marketing. It is necessary to create evaluation metrics to analyze the state of compliance with the basic principles of ethical marketing in the practice of all enterprises.

Factors determining the well-being of the population are systematized in the article. Independent approaches have been developed in relation to the views of foreign scientists on tangible and intangible indicators that determine the well-being of life. In social protection of the population, the financial policy of the state and the priority aspects of its implementation were researched, and scientific recommendations aimed at its improvementhave been developed.

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the impact of export and import processes on the effectiveness of the organizational and economic mechanism in children’s toy manufacturing. The study applies the PESTLE analysis method to assess the influence of external environment factors. In addition, an integrated index model is proposed to evaluate the efficiency of the organizational and economic mechanism. The results demonstrate that economic and technological factors have the greatest impact, while social and environmental aspects play a significant role in strategic development. The article concludes with practical recommendations aimed at enhancing efficiency in the sector and ensuring the competitiveness of domestic producers in the international market.

Paper researches the concept of employment and structural changes in categories of economic activity, analyzes the indicators of the employed population in the formal and informal sectors by regions, and develops appropriate proposals and recommendations for eliminating factors leading to unemployment. The influence of these factors on the structure and composition of the employed population is the result of a person’s ability to work and his active participation in the production process, determined by his specialty and profession

The purpose of the study is to study the theoretical and practical foundations of
human capital development factors in the process of implementing concepts and strategies for the socio-economic development of Uzbekistan. Analysis of practical work aimed at improving science, education, health and culture for the development of human capital in the new Uzbekistan, development efforts along with world civilizations and countries of the world. In the process of forming human capital in the interests of innovative development, it is aimed at education, knowledge, skills, abilities, motivation, professional orientation of the individual, training of carriers of new knowledge, the formation of social demand and the development of competencies
that satisfy needs.

In this article, the features of accounting for objective factors leading to a legal decrease in profits of enterprises in Uzbekistan are analyzed analytically in accounting entries, using the example of issuing an advance report and bringing the excess part of excess daily food expenses to an increase in costs and a decrease in profits of enterprises

The article examines the issue of improving the quality of life as one of the major challenges facing society. It explores key factors influencing the improvement of living standards and the ways to achieve this goal. The article analyzes economic growth and stability, education and access to knowledge, healthcare and social protection, infrastructure and living conditions, technological advancements, and sustainable environmental policies as important factors in enhancing the quality of life. The author emphasizes the importance of developing and implementing new technologies in the fields of medicine and healthcare, industry, infrastructure, and education. It highlights that innovations in these areas have the potential to significantly improve the quality of life and expand opportunities for individuals. However, the author also notes the need for appropriate investments, legal support, and collaboration among various stakeholders for the successful implementation of innovative projects. The article provides an overview of possible development paths that can contribute to improving the quality of life in the modern era of innovation transformations.

This article examines the escalating importance of natural factors in sustainable development, spotlighted by the adverse consequences of historical exploitative environmental practices. These practices have generated a colossal ecological and social debt, manifesting as severe environmental crises that undermine global stability. A paradigm shift towards sustainable development is imperative for fostering security, equality, and harmony between human societies and the biosphere. Sustainable development, though conceptually elusive, fundamentally aims to redefine the interaction between human civilization and the natural environment for enduring coexistence.

The article presents groundbreaking research using advanced econometric models to understand the complex relationships between infant mortality, under-5 mortality, and female mortality in foreign countries. Conventional least-squares regression (OLS) and structural equation modeling (SEM) techniques were used to analyze data from 121 countries around the world to identify the complex interplay of factors that influence these important mortality rates. Approaches have also been developed to identify subtle dynamics affecting maternal and child health outcomes and to reduce mortality. The approaches and proposals of the authors are presented in the study.

Furthermore, the paper demonstrates that the current accounting system of Uzbekistan represents a hybrid model combining elements of different international frameworks. It is argued that the transition to international standards should not be viewed as a one-dimensional reform but rather as a complex transformation incorporating economic, strategic, and social factors. Based on this approach, the study develops theoretical and practical recommendations aimed at improving the national accounting system, including alignment with key trading partners, strengthening regional integration, and incorporating Islamic finance principles.

This article reveals the role of pension provision and compulsory pension insurance in the social protection system of the population in modern states, as well as their significance in ensuring sustainable development. The study conducts a comparative analysis of the levels of compulsory, corporate, and private pension provision, their sources of financing, the range of participants, and functional characteristics using the pension systems of Germany, Italy, and the United States as examples. In addition, the regulatory role of the state in the pension system, the principle of intergenerational solidarity, the importance of funded pension mechanisms, and the impact of population aging on the pension system are highlighted. The article also compares the experience of certain foreign countries according to such criteria as retirement age, minimum insurance record, and the amount of insurance contributions. The current state of the pension system of Uzbekistan is substantiated, along with the factors affecting its financial stability under demographic changes, the need to improve compulsory pension insurance, and the priority directions of reforms. In conclusion, it is noted that the development of the funded component of pensions, the strengthening of actuarial assessment, and the harmonization of compulsory and voluntary pension mechanisms, while adapting international experience to national conditions, contribute to improving the efficiency of the pension system.

This article explores scientific issues related to inequality and stratification of population incomes. Income stratification is considered an integral element of the socio-economic system. The formation of population incomes has its own specific characteristics, and various factors are examined, such as the social status and background of individuals, education level, adaptation to the external social environment, intellectual and managerial abilities, among others.

The role of human capital as the main factor in the economic, social and political development of the state has constantly grown and continues to grow. After mankind has made the transition from the industrial to the post-industrial stage in its development, intellectual resources have become one of the key factors in the development and prosperity of society. The high proportion of human capital in the national wealth of developed countries explains the high level of their socio-economic development. This article examines the importance of investments in human capital for the effective functioning of the economy, as well as the political and social stability of society.