The article discusses the theory of equivalent exchange, analyzes the various
positions of scientists on this theory. The general and special features of the equivalent exchange
are revealed. The scientific and practical principles of ensuring equivalent exchange and the
formation of a mechanism of regulated market relations on this basis are outlined. The
methodological basis and essence of regulated market relations in the most general terms is
represented as cognition, scientific understanding and formation of ways to transform the value
of gross product and its structure into codifying distributive elements of price, as a toolkit of the
market mechanism of influence on production

The article analyzes the ambiguity of scientists' views on the concept of property, type of property and form of ownership. The author focuses on the problem of mixing the legal and economic aspects of property, manifested in the identification of the concepts of diversity of forms of ownership and diversity of the economy. Within the framework of property issues, the author notes the methodological aspects of agrarian relations - relations about land, which is the universal subject of labor and the original source of all wealth.

This article covers the essence of state debt, its types, financial sources, the differences between foreign investment and state external debt. The article also describes in what cases and for what purposes the state resorts to debt obligations. The article analyzes the economic and financial situation of the debts received by Uzbekistan, and indicates from which countries and foreign financial institutions the amount of debt was received. It also provides a statistical analysis of the sectors and areas to which debt obligations received by Uzbekistan are directed.