This article discusses the application of probability theory in economics. Probability theory is an important tool for accounting for uncertainties and assessing risks in various economic processes. The article provides detailed information on the application of this theory in risk management, insurance and investment, market analysis and game theory. With the help of probability theory, the possibilities of preliminary assessment of economic events and making optimal decisions are studied. This article shows the importance of using probability theory in economic analysis and decision making.
The article analyzes the evolution of financial risk management models in the formation of an investment portfolio. The theory of G. Markowitz, one of the founders of modern portfolio theory, and its main ideas are studied. The scientist who improved the scientific work of Markowitz is the theory of his student W. Sharp, this article discusses this theory and the main differences between them. The “arbitrage pricing theory (APT)” by S. Ross, who made a significant contribution to the portfolio theory, was studied, its differences from other models were analyzed. Nedosekin and Zaichenko, who developed the following portfolio theory, developed “Analysis of a Fuzzy Portfolio Optimization Model”, which is discussed in this article. Models of investment portfolio optimization, their advantages and disadvantages, as well as differences are also compared.
This scientific article describes the conceptual basis of scientific views on the financial system. The scientific views of the supporters of classical and neoclassical financial theory on the financial system, its elements and financial stability in a polysemantic description are studied. Scientific views on the prospects of ensuring the stability of the financial system under the influence of endogenous and exogenous factors are systematized
This article analyzes the behavior of business entities in the investment process in the economic theory of Dj. M. Keynes. The article examines the role of predel efficiency, interest rates and uncertainty as key factors in investment decisions. It also explains how economic activity can increase as a result of initial investment through the Keynesian multiplier model. With the help of modern economic research and criticism, the Keynesian theory will be reviewed more broadly and its adaptation to new conditions will be analyzed.
This article examines the importance of good corporate governance in increasing the capital value of Uzbek joint-stock companies. The article examines approaches to developing an effective management methodology in joint-stock companies based on agency theory, stakeholder theory, and resource dependency theories. The study analyzes the increase in capital value through modern financial indicators, including ROI (return on investment), EVA (economic value added), and ROE (return on equity). The theoretical and practical approaches presented in the article conclude with recommendations aimed at improving the management systems of joint-stock companies in the conditions of Uzbekistan and increasing their market value.
The article emphasizes that attention should be paid to new principles of functioning of people's relationships, reflecting not only economic, but also socio-cultural, spiritual-ethical and spiritual-psychological aspects of these relationships, taking into account that modern economic theory has not been able to answer the socio-economic problems of the current period that have arisen due to modern transformations, climate change, the emergence of the knowledge economy, globalization processes, due to the fact that the worldview of the world population and the principles of human behavior are becoming more homogeneous. The dependence due to transformation processes, with insufficient implementation of the task as a theoretical and methodological basis for other economic sciences and the economic policy of the state, is substantiated.
This article analyzes the theoretical models of digitalization in institutional development and their relevance to the financial system. Based on scholarly sources and international experience, it is demonstrated that digital technologies enhance transparency, ensure accountability, reduce transaction costs, and increase economic efficiency in the relations between the state and the private sector. The Technology Acceptance Model, the Diffusion of Innovations Theory, and Institutional Theory are examined as the main approaches to implementing digital solutions. The study also highlights national-level challenges, including insufficient digital infrastructure integration, weak incentive mechanisms for small and medium-sized enterprises, and cybersecurity risks. According to the author’s conclusions, aligning digital technologies with institutional reforms and international standards is a key factor in strengthening the stability of Uzbekistan’s financial system and building public trust.
Consumer behavior in banking services has changed significantly due to technological advancements, shifting societal values, and evolving customer expectations. This paper aims to comprehensively understand the theoretical and methodological foundations that underlie these changes. By conducting a literature review, this study examines critical theoretical frameworks, such as the theory of planned behavior, technology acceptance model, and customer engagement theory, which offer insights into the factors influencing consumer behavior in the banking sector. Moreover, it explores methodological approaches, including surveys, interviews, and data analytics, employed to investigate and analyze consumer behavior patterns. By synthesizing existing knowledge, this paper provides valuable insights for academia and industry, helping to shape strategies that effectively adapt to the evolving dynamics of consumer behavior in the banking services market.
The resource dependency theory (RDT) is used to guide an empirical analysis of the higher education system in Uzbekistan. The regression models are applied to a panel dataset consisting of 62 Uzbek higher education institutions, covering the period 2000-2013, to examine the determinants of the expenditure decisions made by institutions. The key hypothesis is concerned with the relationship between the share of revenue from tuition fees and the share of expenditure spent on teaching. The analysis attempts to control for unobserved heterogeneity through the inclusion of fixed effects. Instrumental variables estimation is used to address the potential endogeneity of the relationship between these two variables. The main finding is that there is a positive and statistically significant relationship between the share of revenue from tuition fees and the share of expenditure spent on teaching, even after other factors are held contact, which is consistent with a core premise of RDT.
The article examines current trends in the development of regional economies in the context of sustainable development. The theory and model of regional economic development, which are based on the use of environmental factors, are shown.
The article discusses the theory of equivalent exchange, analyzes the various positions of scientists on this theory. The general and special features of the equivalent exchange are revealed. The scientific and practical principles of ensuring equivalent exchange and the formation of a mechanism of regulated market relations on this basis are outlined. The methodological basis and essence of regulated market relations in the most general terms is represented as cognition, scientific understanding and formation of ways to transform the value of gross product and its structure into codifying distributive elements of price, as a toolkit of the market mechanism of influence on production
The article is devoted to the behavior of economic entities in the investment process in the theory of Keynes. In modern conditions of the formation of the information paradigm of socio-economic development, there is a growing interest in the issues of implementing the investment process, which is due, on the one hand, to the transition of all technological systems and complexes from the analog to the digital sphere, and on the other, to the need to stimulate investment of economic entities in order to create a basis for sustainable economic growth.
This article examines the relationship of the household sector with economic events and processes, as well as its influence on the socio-economic development of the country. It reviews key theories, such as the life cycle theory (Modigliani) and the permanent income hypothesis (Friedman), that explain the saving and consumption behavior of households. It analyzes factors influencing the saving rate, including demographic changes, economic growth, income uncertainty, and interest rates. Particular attention is paid to the role of pension savings, inheritance, and public policy in shaping household financial decisions. The article also touches upon the functioning of the stock market and its interaction with households, as well as the impact of technological and social changes on the saving rate. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of taking into account the historical context and contemporary economic conditions in understanding the dynamics of saving and its role in economic development.
Based on the research of scientific ideas of the schools of political economy, classical, neoclassical and modern human capital, which are the conceptual foundations of the development of the theory of human capital, the author's approach of human capital is developed in the article.
The article considers the methodological approach to the study of the theoretical foundations of financial processes in the logistics corporate structures of the economic system. As logistics processes are increasingly integrated into the strategic corporate structures of the foreign trade balance, financial mechanisms are becoming increasingly important in shaping the sustainability, investment activity and operational efficiency of this industry. The study assesses the importance of financial theory - capital structure, risk management and value maximization - in the logistics industry. An understanding of corporate finance, supply chain theory and dynamics at the microeconomic level is given.
The rapid growth of on-demand food delivery services has posed significant challenges in logistics optimization. This study focuses on a formerly leading food delivery company in Uzbekistan, which faced difficulties in meeting customer expectations due to high demand and inefficiencies in courier allocation. The research applied Discrete Event Simulation (DES) theory to analyze courier utilization, waiting times, and delivery performance. The model incorporated district-based clustering, queueing theory, stochastic simulation modeling, model validation and performance evaluation to evaluate various operational scenarios. Findings reveal that integrated models reduce delivery times by 1.6 times, enhance throughput, and provide actionable strategies for urban delivery optimization. The results contribute to both academic literature and managerial practice in emerging markets.
Vocational interest theory has long been dominated by Holland’s RIASEC model. Although its simplicity, interpretability, and practical usefulness remain influential, its broad-band categories are increasingly unable to capture finer-grained differences in contemporary occupational structures and non-Western cultural contexts. This article proposes the WBCI six-dimensional hierarchical model, composed of six first-order dimensions and twelve second-order factors, to reflect the Chinese cultural context and occupational ecology. The model highlights functionally important distinctions that are often compressed in traditional classifications, such as influential interaction versus supportive interaction, technical construction versus normative execution, and business expansion versus transactional allocation. This purely conceptual article systematically clarifies the theoretical gaps addressed by WBCI, its construct boundaries, its comparative relationship with existing models, and its future validation path. WBCI provides a theoretically clearer, more culturally embedded, and more operational framework for vocational assessment, career counseling, major selection, and occupational matching.
Maximizing the expected return on investment and reducing the level of possible risk for investors is always a relevant issue. This article discusses modern portfolio theories, expected portfolio returns, and risk factors. Harry Markowitz's modern portfolio theory, his views, and other economists' observations on investment and portfolios are discussed. In the analysis part, a portfolio of 3-year shares of joint-stock companies in Uzbekistan is created, and the expected average income from the portfolio and portfolio risk are determined. Based on the results of the analysis, scientific and practical conclusions are given.
The article is devoted to the theory of public procurement. In methodological terms, public procurement is considered in logical connection with such categories as proportionality, regularity and planning. And public procurement is presented as a method of gradual transition from a spontaneous market to a regulated market economy, and then - the outgrowth of a market economy into a planned one.
The article considers the socio–ecological system of the region as an object of sustainable development and their current trends in the context of decentralization of strategic management of the region's economy. The advantages of decentralized management of regional economic development, which are based on the use of environmental and social factors, are studied.
This article examines the opinions of local and foreign scholars on the economic reforms implemented in our country, the need to improve the administration and methodology of direct taxes, its socio-economic importance, theoretical and legal issues. Also, based on the results of the research conducted on the topic, conclusions and proposals were developed regarding the improvement of tax administration and methodology.
Тhe article analyzes the theoretical aspects of the introduction of modern technologies in the process of transforming banks on the basis of the opinions of foreign economists. In this regard, the theory of the banking system is divided into classical and digital development theories, its advantages are highlighted, and author's definitions are formulated.
The purpose of this article is to study the economic role of intellectual capital and the characteristics of its reproduction mechanism and inclusion in economic circulation. It is emphasized that understanding the patterns of the process of intellectual capital inclusion and creating the necessary conditions for this are currently the most topical problems of economic theory and practice. The article studies the economic role of intellectual capital and the features of its reproduction mechanism and inclusion in the economic circulation using the comparative method as a research method.
The article provides a historiographical analysis of the issue of the functioning of foreign investments in the national economy. The aim of the author was to characterize the main stages of the development of the theory and practice of attracting foreign investment, as well as to analyze the views of various foreign and domestic scientists on the role of foreign investment in the development of the country.
The market economy is an economy based on free enterprise and entrepreneurship. Therefore, for the formation and development of entrepreneurship in the private sector, it is necessary to improve the business environment in the economy and thereby increase the profitability of economic sectors, increase the employment of the population, and improve their well-being. In order to achieve such priority results, the economic reforms implemented in our country are aimed at the development of entrepreneurship in the private sector and, on this basis, economic growth and ensuring the stable development of the national economy.
