This study examines how trade openness impacts economic development in 20 emerging markets from 2000 to 2020. It compares countries based on trade policies, levels of openness, and economic growth outcomes. The research highlights regional differences, with Asian economies showing better results than many in Africa and Latin America. The findings suggest that trade openness can drive development when supported by strong institutions and policies tailored to each country's needs.

This article empirically investigates the determinants of inbound tourism in Uzbekistan and the contribution of tourism to economic growth. Annual data for 2012–2023 are analysed using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing framework of Pesaran, Shin and Smith (2001). The bounds test F-statistic of 7.701 exceeds the upper critical bound of 3.79 at the 5% significance level, confirming a long-run cointegrating relationship. The error-correction coefficient of −0.6424 indicates approximately 64% annual adjustment toward equilibrium. The long-run elasticity of tourist arrivals on GDP is estimated at 0.0075, consistent with the tourism-led growth hypothesis. Trade openness and exchange rate are the most significant growth channels. The paper contributes to the empirical literature on Uzbekistan and provides policy recommendations for tourism and exchange rate management.

The article analyzes the rating systems introduced in our Republic in various areas. It also identifies the specific features of rating systems and reflects their features in determining the customs rating of foreign trade activities of business entities. It also touches upon the principles that should be taken into account when implementing the rating system, and lists important principles. In addition, attention is paid to the importance of using digital technologies and integrating them with other relevant organizations in calculating rating points, and relevant proposals and recommendations are developed.