At the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, the global economy was dominated by developed countries, primarily located in Europe and North America. Economic development in the G7 (later G8) countries was determined by the efficient use of natural resources and long-term scientific and technological progress. Resource and energy efficiency were paramount in these countries. For example, the United States experienced significant growth in production throughout the 20th century. At the same time, despite industrial development, high prices were due to the expansion of the service sector and the emergence of new industries based on the scientific and technological revolution

This article examines the system of organizing audit activities in American and Asian countries. The research analyzes audit standards, regulatory bodies, and requirements for auditors in the USA, Canada, Mexico, Panama, Japan, South Korea, China, Singapore, and UAE. The research results identified specific features of organizing audit activities in countries and showed possibilities of using the experience of developed countries.

This article analyzes the economic efficiency and organizational mechanisms of economic entities in developed countries. The results of the study show that the possibilities of creating a favorable financial environment for economic entities by studying foreign experiences and adapting them to the economy of our country were considered. At the same time, based on the results of the analysis, specific recommendations were developed in the areas of further improving state policy, introducing new financing mechanisms and eliminating existing problems

This article empirically analyses the relationship between the Revenue Diversification Coefficient (RDC) and financial independence using official data from 38 OECD member countries. It has been established that RDC values vary significantly across countries, and that highly diversified systems weathered the 2008–2012 financial crisis with three times less financial damage. Based on international comparative analysis, recommendations have been developed for introducing RDC monitoring and expanding revenue sources in Uzbekistan's higher education institutions

This article examines the priority areas of financial provision for social protection of the population based on international experience. The study analyzes the formation of social protection systems, financing mechanisms, and institutional approaches in developed and developing countries. In particular, the effectiveness of social insurance schemes, targeted social assistance, mandatory health insurance, and poverty reduction programs in European countries, the United States, and Asian countries is assessed. Based on international experience, advanced approaches aimed at strengthening social protection for vulnerable groups of the population are identified, and the possibilities of their implementation in the context of Uzbekistan are highlighted.

The article analyzes the role of e-commerce in Uzbekistan and the importance of e-commerce in the development of trade services, the relevance of using the experience of developed countries, as well as the problems arising in the development of e-commerce and ways to solve them.

This article analyzes the experience of developed countries (USA, Germany, Japan, Estonia, South Korea) in managing small business statistics and using information databases. The article demonstrates the importance of statistical indicator systems, digital platforms, real-time monitoring, and artificial intelligence technologies used in foreign countries. Through comparative analysis, the current state of Uzbekistan’s statistical information databases (Stat.uz, my.gov.uz, soliq.uz, ERI, SPINIDA) has been assessed and ways to improve them have been identified. As a result of the research, recommendations have been developed for creating a unified electronic statistical system, integrating platforms, and implementing AI and Big Data technologies. The research results can be used to improve small business support policies and develop the national digital economy in Uzbekistan

The peculiarity of taxation of real estate based on cadastral value in Uzbekistan requires further study. The article analyzes the experiences of real estate tax collection in developed countries and its importance in the tax system. The need for a deep study of the conceptual foundations of real estate tax in developed countries and the need to develop practical recommendations for their effective application in the tax system of our country was justified, as well as the general rules for real estate taxation based on modern tax systems and problems related to real estate taxation in our country were studied.

The article examines issues related to foreign experience in lending to agribusiness entities. Important aspects of the lending system for agribusiness entities in foreign countries have been studied. The practice of lending to agribusiness entities in developed and developing countries is analyzed. As a result of the analysis, conclusions were formulated on issues of lending to agribusiness entities.

This article presents a comparative analysis of innovative mechanisms for railway transport development in developed and developing countries. It highlights differences in goals, tools, and institutional contexts of innovation implementation. A methodology is proposed to assess the effectiveness of digital and environmental innovations. Recommendations are provided for policymakers based on the principles of sustainable development.

This study comprehensively analyzes the issues of improving the corporate governance system in enterprises with state participation. Business entities with state ownership play an important role in ensuring sustainable growth of the national economy and enhancing the attractiveness of the investment environment. Therefore, aligning their management mechanisms with international requirements and standards, increasing the level of transparency and accountability in operations, as well as ensuring reliable protection of the rights and interests of all stakeholders, are among the priority tasks of today. During the research, existing systemic problems were thoroughly examined, and practical proposals and recommendations were developed based on the experience of developed countries. In general, the effective development of corporate governance contributes not only to improving the efficiency of enterprise activities, but also to strengthening economic stability

In the modern global economy, changes in the market occur rapidly. As a result, the terms of updating products offered to the market by business entities have been reduced. The spread of new products in the markets and their constant improvement create problems for market participants associated with product innovations. The spread of technological progress throughout the world has led to the convergence of the quality and technical characteristics of products manufactured in different regions. In such circumstances, the role of costs in achieving a competitive advantage and sustainable development has increased. There is a need to use costs economically and manage them effectively. The use of modern cost management methods is a particularly urgent task for the purpose of effectively organizing costs and increasing the competitiveness of products. Today, scientists in developed countries have developed a number of modern methods of planning and managing costs, and a comprehensive study of these methods and their application to the activities of business entities is an important task. This scientific work attempts to understand the modern methods of cost management currently used.

This article examines international experience in the formation and development of corporate culture in joint-stock companies. It analyzes the specific features of corporate values, management styles, employee motivation systems, internal communications, teamwork, and corporate social responsibility applied by companies in the United States, Japan, Germany, South Korea, and other developed countries. The study highlights the role of corporate culture in regulating relationships among shareholders, supervisory boards, executive bodies, and employees. Based on the experience of foreign companies, the article substantiates the impact of corporate culture on labor productivity, employee loyalty, innovative activity, investment attractiveness, and the overall performance of joint-stock companies. The study concludes by developing scientific and practical recommendations for adapting and introducing relevant elements of advanced international experience into the activities of joint-stock companies in Uzbekistan.

Currently, the sustainable development of the country's economy, its determination of economic policy programs in accordance with the conditions of today's changing economic systems, is becoming one of the main tasks. The article is devoted to the impact of structural changes on sustainable economic growth and development in the world's countries with developed market relations, the rapid growth of high-tech service sectors, including the diversification of the structure of the national economy, reducing state intervention in the economy, ensuring scientific solutions to a number of socio-economic problems related to the implementation of investment projects, increasing the effectiveness of structural policy, and determining the principles and opportunities for economic development

This article examines the theoretical foundations of using financial technologies (FinTech) in the development of banking services and analyzes the digital transformation processes taking place in the banking system of Uzbekistan along with the experience of developed countries. Based on the experience of the United States, the United Kingdom, China, Singapore, and South Korea, the impact of FinTech technologies on the efficiency of banking services is assessed. In addition, the scope of digital services in Uzbek banks, the number of mobile banking users, and the practical outcomes of financial technologies are studied using statistical data

This article analyzes the world experience in financing and lending investment projects and its theoretical and practical aspects. The study highlights the main mechanisms of financial support for investment projects in developed countries, including bank loans, project financing, public-private partnerships and the specific features of the participation of international financial institutions. Also, the priority areas of effective use of financial resources in investment processes, diversification of risks and improvement of the investment climate are scientifically substantiated. The article develops scientific and practical proposals and recommendations on increasing investment efficiency, reducing financial risks and improving the system of financing investment projects in Uzbekistan, based on the experience of the United States, Germany, Japan and South Korea

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the theoretical and practical aspects of the development of e-commerce systems in the context of digital transformation. The study examines the role of e-commerce in the modern economy, its development trends, and the impact of digital technologies on this process. Also, the main factors that contribute to increasing the efficiency of e-commerce systems digital infrastructure, innovative technologies, marketing strategies, and legal frameworks are scientifically analyzed. The article provides a comparative analysis of the development processes of e-commerce at the global and national levels, and important conclusions are drawn based on the experience of developed and developing countries. The study reveals the impact of e-commerce on economic efficiency, employment levels, and the transformation of market relations

The article examines issues related to improving the structure of GDP in Uzbekistan. A comparative analysis of the economic potential and the level of economic development of regions is conducted based on the gross regional product (GRP). The study also analyzes the impact of GRP per capita on the real incomes of the regional population. Based on the theory of economic convergence, the process of convergence of Uzbekistan’s GDP per capita with the per capita GDP of developed countries in the long term is analyzed using forecast calculations up to 2030

In the context of the digital transformation of the economy, franchising is gaining new strategic significance as a model of scalable and sustainable business. This article presents a comparative analysis of franchising development in France, Italy, and Germany, with a focus on institutional and legal frameworks, economic indicators, digital maturity, and the transformation of business models. The study reveals that digitalization enhances the efficiency of franchise networks, deepens support for small and medium-sized enterprises, and strengthens the legal protection of intellectual property.

This article analyzes global trends in the development of the service sector and their role in the modern economy. The study examined the global dynamics of the service sector based on comparative analysis, a systematic approach, and statistical methods. Based on data from the World Bank, UNCTAD, WTO, and OECD, the structure of the service sector, a comparative analysis of developed and developing countries, as well as the development of digital services and the impact of innovative technologies are considered. The article develops recommendations for Uzbekistan on the development of the service sector, increasing export potential, and ensuring competitiveness

Countries are increasingly proposing investment attraction systems that aim to improve economic efficiency and achieve higher “green competitiveness” outcomes by better aligning environmental standards and growth policies under sustainability-oriented governance mechanisms. The need to develop and implement balanced investment strategies, drawing on international best practices to determine which environmental and economic indicators are appropriate and how to integrate them into national planning systems and sectoral development programs, is forcing emerging economies to rethink their policy instruments, regulatory mechanisms, and institutional capacities. This study aims to make this contribution, in addition to providing an analytical framework that reviews empirical papers that shed light on the interactions between investment attraction, environmental compliance, and policy coordination with dynamics such as sustainable fiscal policy, industrial modernization, regional development, or green transformation. Following a methodological synthesis, a comparative assessment of foreign investment development is prepared, in which environmental integration is linked to these key terms, economic diversification and institutional adaptation. This framework can serve as a benchmarking model and policy guidance for regulators, investors, analysts and decision-makers. This study has two main contributions. First, it is the first time that such a multi-criteria assessment table is being developed to demonstrate the interrelationship between economic and environmental aspects. Second, it captures the idea of compatibility between environmental protection and economic development, policy implementation and societal needs, national priorities and global standards, i.e. it requires flexible governance. This article provides Uzbek policymakers with important information and insights on how to take environmental commitments into account when attracting sustainable investment. The future research agenda provides broad opportunities for comparative analyses and applied studies on investment efficiency, sustainable growth, institutional capacity, and green transformation.

This article provides a scientific analysis of the role of the informatization process in societal development, as well as its impact on economic, social, and spiritual life. The widespread implementation of information and communication technologies (ICT), the process of "digital transformation," and their role in radically changing social relations are examined and analyzed. The research employed methods of literature review, comparative analysis, and a systematic approach. The results indicate that countries with a high level of informatization experience accelerated economic growth rates, enhanced effectiveness of social management, and a highly developed intellectual potential of the population.

This article considers foreign experience as an important factor in ensuring the effectiveness and sustainable development of financial planning in enterprises. In developed countries, financial planning is carried out, first of all, in combination with market mechanisms, digital technologies and financial control systems. Efficient allocation and optimization of financial resources, the use of automated models for budgeting and forecasting, the implementation of modern risk management methods, compliance with international financial reporting standards, and ensuring financial transparency and accountability based on corporate governance principles are of great importance. At the same time, the experience of foreign enterprises shows the widespread use of innovative financing sources - venture capital, bonds, leasing and crowdfunding. The analysis of these experiences serves as an important methodological basis for Uzbek enterprises to improve the effectiveness of financial planning, strengthen competitiveness and accelerate the integration processes into world markets

This research examines international experiences in the development of the internal audit system in the public sector. In particular, it analyzes the organization of audit activities in line with international standards, the role of technological integration, and the factors that guarantee auditors’ independence. Drawing on the practical experiences of Malaysia, South Africa, Germany, and other countries, the study highlights the measures taken to enhance the effectiveness of internal audit and their outcomes. Based on this, relevant recommendations have been developed to improve the internal audit system in Uzbekistan. This scientific research contributes to expanding opportunities for transparency in public administration, strengthening financial discipline, and ensuring the rational use of resources.

This article scientifically examines the role of innovation policy in accelerating regional socio-economic development. In the context of globalization and digital transformation, it emphasizes that third-generation policies aligned with regional innovation systems (RIS) and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) serve as a key factor in ensuring economic growth. The study is based on systematic literature review (SLR) methodology and analyzes a number of research works published in recent years in the Scopus, Web of Science, and ResearchGate databases. The results indicate that innovation policy, as exemplified by the European Union (S3 strategies) and China (MLP programs), increases GRDP by 5-15%, enhancing employment and competitiveness, although institutional constraints and polarization risks persist in less developed regions. The conclusion demonstrates that the effectiveness of the policy depends on R&D investments and university-industry collaboration. Among the recommendations are increasing subsidies and introducing flexible conditions, while future research should focus on developing countries.