This article examines the impact of interest rates and exchange rates on the trade balance using the case of Uzbekistan. The findings show that monetary policy instruments affect the trade balance differently in the short and long run. The study highlights the need to align monetary policy with trade and structural reforms

This research investigates the relationship between macroeconomic factors and profitability of companies, considering the company level factors of financial performance: gross margin, operating margin, EBITDA margin and ROA. Drawing upon the theoretical frameworks, empirical analyses and econometrical model, the study explores multifaceted dynamics of macroeconomic-firm nexus of the biggest 16 companies - drivers of modern US economy. Findings reveal significant relationships between macroeconomic factors such as exchange rate, inflation and corporate profit, highlighting company response to macro-level changes. Practical implications for financial managers are discussed, emphasizing the importance of considering macroeconomic conditions in decision making processes. Overall, this article contributes to the understanding of macroeconomic-firm nexus and provides insights, which should be further developed.

The article is devoted to the neoclassical theory of the investment process. The article discusses why neoclassical theorists were less critical of the importance of trade in making a profit. They believed that it could be mutually beneficial, but not equivalent in the traditional sense of the word, suggesting that the parties involved in the transaction could benefit by giving each other a higher subjective value for the goods received.

In international banking practice, ensuring the profitability of commercial banks is of great importance, which not only serves to maintain their financial stability, but also to increase their competitiveness in market conditions. Banks with a high level of profitability perform their financial intermediary function more effectively, which leads to the strengthening of their place and role in the economy. Therefore, in the practice of developed Western countries of the world, the issues of increasing the profitability and ensuring the stability of commercial banks are considered one of the most priority and urgent areas of strengthening their competitiveness in the financial market. They pay great attention to increasing profitability in order to ensure the effective operation of banks, the provision of high-quality services to customers, and a worthy contribution to economic development. The article develops scientific proposals aimed at ensuring the profitability of loans of commercial banks of the country.

This article analyzes the experience of the U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) in financing small business entities through commercial banks. Based on SBA practices such as credit guarantees, interest rate regulation, business development centers, and digital infrastructure, strategic recommendations tailored to Uzbekistan’s context are proposed. These include strengthening credit guarantee systems, launching a digital guarantee portal, establishing advisory centers, regulating interest rates, and improving monitoring systems. The proposed measures aim to enhance the efficiency of small business financing mechanisms in Uzbekistan.

The article presents the problems and situations in which loans and their interest rates are provided by commercial banks of the Republic of Uzbekistan, as well as the income of the population. The essence of the current legal acts on loans and the current content is revealed.

This article analyzes models for forming an optimal investment portfolio, specifically Markowitz's optimal portfolio theory and the CAPM (Capital Asset Pricing Model). In the analysis section, a portfolio was constructed and examined based on data from 15 joint-stock companies operating in Uzbekistan, using stock price data from the last five years. Additionally, insights from various economists such as William Sharpe, Kan, and Zhou are presented. The beta coefficient between the UCI market index and the expected return of the portfolio was calculated, and the expected return of the portfolio, as well as the efficient frontier, was determined using CAPM. The article concludes with general findings and recommendations.

The article is devoted to the study of financial risks, their classification and management methods. Key types of risks, such as credit, currency and interest rate, as well as their impact on financial activities are considered. Risk management methods are described, including diversification, hedging, insurance and reserve creation. Attention is paid to modern technologies, such as blockchain and artificial intelligence, which help reduce risks and increase business resilience in the face of uncertainty and changes in the external environment.

The article is devoted to the investment behavior of economic entities in the context of digitalization. The main property of households is that all their activities are aimed at satisfying their desires through the consumption of final goods and services. As owners of production factors, they sell them on the market for appropriate remuneration and make a profit. Suggestions for improving these aspects are reflected in the article.

The article examines issues related to foreign experience in lending to agribusiness entities. Important aspects of the lending system for agribusiness entities in foreign countries have been studied. The practice of lending to agribusiness entities in developed and developing countries is analyzed. As a result of the analysis, conclusions were formulated on issues of lending to agribusiness entities.

The article provides a scientific analysis of the main factors influencing the emergence of crisis situations in commercial banks. It substantiates that a banking crisis is directly related to the quality of the loan portfolio, liquidity, capital adequacy, deposit stability, interest rate risk and currency risk. Based on statistical data on the banking system of Uzbekistan for 2024-2025, the article analyzes non-performing loans, assets, deposits and capital indicators. The findings show that assessing crisis risk in commercial banks should rely not on separate indicators, but on a comprehensive risk management approach